CESTODA

Parasitology Department
Medical Faculty of USU

Adelina H Sinambela 1
 General
• Also called tapeworm
• Digestive tract (-)
• Body cavity (-)
• Hermaphrodite
• Suckers +/ -

Adelina H Sinambela 2
 Classification
• Intestinal cestoda :
 Taenia saginata
 Taenia solium
 Hymenolepis nana
 Hymenolepis diminuta
 Diphyllobothriidae
• Zoonotic cestoda :
 Echinococcus granulosus
 Dypilidium caninum

Adelina H Sinambela 3
 Terminology
• Scolex :
the anterior end, may
equipped with a variety of
holdfast organs (sucker or
bothria); maintain the position
of the worm in the gut
• Rostellum :
the protrusible, dome shaped-
area on the apex of the scolex

Adelina H Sinambela 4
 Terminology
• Bothrium :
longitudinal groove on the scolex of
pseudophyllidea that function as suckerlike organ
• Neck :
undifferentiated zone between scolex and strobila
• Stobilla :
the body of the tapeworm which consist
proglottids (segments)

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 Terminology
• Proglottid (segment):
grouped into
 immature : reproductive organs (-)
 mature : reproductive organs (+), uterus
without eggs
 gravid : reproductive organs (+),
a branched uterus filled with eggs

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Taenia saginata
(Beef Tapeworm)

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 Taenia saginata
Taxonomy

• Phylum : Plathyhelminthes
• Class : Cestoidea
• Subclass : Eucestoda
• Order : Cyclophyllidae
• Family : Taeniidae
• Genus : Taenia
• Species : Taenia saginata

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 Taenia saginata
Host

• Definitive host : human

• Intermediate host : cattle
• Habitat: small intestine

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 Taenia saginata
Distribution

• The most common in human

• Worldwide distribution especially in poorer
communities where raw or undercooked beef
is traditionally eaten

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 Taenia saginata
Morphology

• Large, white tapeworm that can reach 20 m in

length; more common 3-5 m
• 1000-2000 proglottids
• Gravid segments are highly motile and
spontaneously evacuated from the anus or
can be found in feces

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Taenia saginata
Morphology

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 Taenia saginata
Morphology

• Scolex :
pyriform, ф 1-2 mm, 4 suckers,
rostellum (-), hooks (-)
• Neck :
long and slender

Adelina H Sinambela 13
 Taenia saginata
Morphology
• Proglottids :
 Mature :
– wider than long
or nearly square
– number of testes
300 - 400

1 : Immature, 2 : Mature
3 : Gravid

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 Taenia saginata
Morphology
 Gravid :
– longer than wide
– 15-30 pairs branches of
uterus
– genital pore: one of
each segment in
irregular site

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 Taenia saginata
Morphology

• Egg
– Elliptical
– Embryophore (thick shell
with radial pattern)
– Content: oncosphere with
6 hooks (hexacanth
embryo)

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 Taenia saginata
Morphology

• Called cysticercus bovis,

hooks (-)
• Invaginate in cattle
muscles and tissues
• Ingested by human,
evaginate in small
intestine to become
adult worm

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Cysticercus bovis

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 Life Cycle &
Transmision

Infective stage:
Cysticerci in muscle
Diagnostic stage:
Eggs in feces or anal swab or
gravid proglottids

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Taenia solium
(Pork Tapeworm)

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 Taenia solium
Taxonomy

• Phylum : Plathyhelminthes
• Class : Cestoidea
• Subclass : Cestoda
• Ordo : Cyclophyllidae
• Family : Taeniidae
• Genus : Taenia
• Spesies : Taenia solium

Adelina H Sinambela 21
 Taenia solium
Host

• Most dangerous among Taeniidae, because

human can also serve as intermediate host
• Definitive host: human
• Intermediate host : pig
• Habitat (adult) : small intestine, cysticercus :
any muscles or tissues

Adelina H Sinambela 22
 Taenia solium
Distribution

• Worldwide distribution, especially wherever

man consumes raw or insuficciently cooked
pork (taeniasis solium) or contamination of
food or fingers by eggs (cysticercosis)

Adelina H Sinambela 23
 Taenia solium
Morphology

• Similar to, but smaller than T. Saginata.

• Measures up to 10 m, but 2 m to 3 m is much
more common
• 800-1000 proglottids
• Passive proglottids

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 Taenia solium
Morphology
• Scolex:
4 suckers, 2 circle of 22-32
hooks, non retractable
rostellum

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 Taenia solium
Morphology

• Proglottid :
 Mature :
– Wider than long
– Identical with matur
segment T. saginata
– Number of testes 150-200

Adelina H Sinambela 26
 Taenia solium
Morphology
 Gravid :
– longer than wide
– 7-12 pairs branches
of uterus
– genital pore: one of
each segment in
irregular site

Adelina H Sinambela 27
 Taenia solium
Morphology

• Egg:
Similar to T. saginata,
only it is nearly
spherical while the
lattest is elliptical

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 Taenia solium
Morphology

• Called cysticercus
cellulosae, 6 hooks (+)
• Habitat in human’s
muscles & tissues and
pig’s muscles & tissues

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Taenia solium
Morphology

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Cysticercus cellulosae

Adelina H Sinambela 31
 Life Cycle &
Transmision
For Taeniasis solium :
Infective stage:
Cysticerci in muscle
Diagnostic stage:
Eggs in feces or anal swab or
gravid proglottids

For Cysticercosis :
Infective stage:
Eggs passed in feces
Diagnostic stage:
Cysticerci in any organ

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 Cysticercosis

Subconjunctival cysticercosis Neurocysticercosis

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 Cysticercosis

Subcutaneous cysticercosis Oral cysticercosis

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 Taenia saginata asiatica
• Morphologically identical to Taenia saginata but
differs in :
– Rostellum in scolex (+)
– The large number of uterine branches in
gravid segment
– Cysticerci smaller than those Taenia
saginata or Taenia solium; have
rudimentary rostellar hooks on the scolex
and have found only in the liver
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 Taenia saginata asiatica
• Intermediate host is pig
• Distribution in Taiwan, Korea, China, Vietnam
and Indonesia (North Sumatra)

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Hymenolepis nana
(Dwarf tapeworm)

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 Hymenolepis nana
Taxonomy

• Phylum : Plathyhelminthes
• Class : Cestoidea
• Subclass : Eucestoda
• Order : Cyclophyllidae
• Family : Hymenolepididae
• Genus : Hymenolepis
• Species : Hymenolepis nana

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 Hymenolepis nana
Host

• Definitive host : human (Hymenolepis nana

nana), and rodents (Hymenolepis nana
fraterna)
• No intermediate host
– infection via intermediate host is rare
– intermediate host: various insects,
including fleas and beetles
• Habitat: small intestine

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 Hymenolepis nana
Distribution

• Distributed all over the world, most prevalent

in areas where temperatures are high and
sanitary conditions are poor, particularly in
children

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Hymenolepis nana
Morphology

• Small species, size 40

mm long x 1 mm wide
• Scolex :
– 4 suckers
– retractable
rostellum
– single circular of
20-30 hooks
• Neck :
long and slender
Adelina H Sinambela 41
 Hymenolepis nana
Morphology

• Proglottid :
– wider than long
– genital pores are
unilateral
– each mature segment
contain three testes
– after apolysis, gravid
segment disintegrate
releasing eggs

Adelina H Sinambela 42
 Hymenolepis nana
Morphology
• Eggs:
 Ф measure 30 µm to 40 µm
 Polar filaments
 Content: hexacanth embryo

Adelina H Sinambela
43
 Hymenolepis nana
Morphology

• Called cysticercoid
• Small larva,
containing a single
scolex, without the
bladder characteristic
of a cysticercus

Adelina H Sinambela 44
 Life Cycle &
Transmision
• Infective stage:
embryonated eggs
• Diagnostic stage:
eggs in feces

Adelina H Sinambela 45
Hymenolepis diminuta

Adelina H Sinambela 46
 Hymenolepis diminuta
Host & Distribution

• Definitive host : rat (Rattus spp.)

• Human, especially children, are infected
accidentally and probably worlwide.
• Intermediate host : more than 90 arthropods
including stored-grain beetles (Tribolium sp.)
• Habitat : small intestine

Adelina H Sinambela 47
 Hymenolepis diminuta
Morphology
• Larger than H. nana
(up to 90 cm)
• Scolex :
– 4 suckers
– no hooks
• Proglottid :
similar to H. nana

Adelina H Sinambela 48
 Hymenolepis diminuta
Morphology
• Egg :
– different from
Hymenolepis nana
– larger, polar filamen
(-), outer eggshells
relatively thick
• Larva :
Called H. diminuta
cysticercoid, hooks (-)
Adelina H Sinambela 49
 Life Cycle &
Transmision
• Infective stage:
cysticercoid in body cavity of
arthropods
• Diagnostic stage:
eggs in feces

Adelina H Sinambela 50
Diphyllobothrium latum
(Broad fish tapeworm)

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 Diphyllobothrium latum
Taxonomy

• Phylum : Plathyhelminthes
• Class : Cestoidea
• Subclass : Eucestoda
• Order : Pseudophyllidea
• Family : Diphyllobothriidae
• Genus : Diphyllobothrium
• Species : Diphyllobothrium latum

Adelina H Sinambela 52
 Diphyllobothrium latum
Host

• Definitive host : many canines, felines, bears,

and human
• Intermediate host I : copepods (eg.Diaptomus)
Intermediate host II : freshwater fishes
• Habitat : small intestine

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 Diphyllobothrium latum
Distribution

• Worldwide
• Most common throughout the Northern
Hemisphere

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 Diphyllobothrium latum
Morphology

• Large, measure up to 10 m
• Scolex :
– finger shaped
– 2 suctorial grooves
(bothria) : dorsal & ventral

Adelina H Sinambela 55
 Diphyllobothrium latum
Morphology

• Proglottid :
– wider than long
– numerous testes and
vitelline follicles
throughout each
proglottid except for a
narrow zone in the center
– genital pore: midventrally
– uterus is coiled and
likened to a rossete

Adelina H Sinambela 56
 Diphyllobothrium latum
Morphology

• Egg :
– Ovoid
– A lidlike operculum
(for the escape of the
larva) at one end and
a small knob on the
other
– Contain : ovum cells

Adelina H Sinambela 57
 Diphyllobothrium latum
Morphology
• Larva :
– Coracidium: cilliated, rounded form,
contains hexacanth embryo
– Procercoid: no cillia, elongated, live in first
intermediate hosts
– Plerocercoid/sparganum: motile, made of
pseudosegments, coiled in the muscle of
second intermediate hosts

Adelina H Sinambela 58
 Life Cycle &
Transmision
• Infective stage:
plerocercoid in muscle of
second intermediate host (fish)
• Diagnostic stage:
eggs in feces

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Echinococcus granulosus

Adelina H Sinambela 60
 Echinococcus granulosus
Taxonomy

• Phylum : Plathyhelminthes
• Class : Cestoidea
• Subclass : Cestoda
• Ordo : Cyclophyllidae
• Family : Taeniidae
• Genus : Echinococcus
• Spesies : Echinococcus granulosus

Adelina H Sinambela 61
 Echinococcus granulosus
Host

• Definitive host: carnivores, particularly dogs

and other canines
• Intermediate host: humans and other
herbivorous mammals (sheep, cattle, pigs,
goats, horse, etc.)
• Habitat (hydatid cyst) : any organs

Adelina H Sinambela 62
 Echinococcus granulosus
Distribution

• Worldwide, especially in sheep-raising areas of

Australia, New Zealand, North and South
America, Europe, Asia and Africa

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Echinococcus granulosus
Morphology

• The smallest tapeworms in

Taeniidae
• Adult live in the small
intestine definitive host and
measure 3-6 mm
• Scolex :
– non retractable rostellum
– double crown of 28-50
hooks

Adelina H Sinambela 64
Echinococcus granulosus
Morphology

• Proglottid :
only 3 proglottids :
1. Immature
2. Mature
3. Gravid is an iregular
longitudinal sac
• Egg : cannot be
distinguished from those
of other taeniids.
Adelina H Sinambela 65
 Echinococcus granulosus
Morphology

• Hydatid cyst :
– In human tissue, most
frequently in the liver and
lung
– Covered by outer and inner
layer
– Consist of hydatid sands
(larvae)

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Hydatid Cyst

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Hydatid Cyst

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 Life Cycle &
Transmision
• Infective stage:
Infective stage: embryonated
eggs in dog feces
• Diagnostic stage:
Hydatid cysts in tissues

Adelina H Sinambela 69
Dipylidium caninum
(Dog tapeworm)

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 Dipylidium caninum
Taxonomy

• Phylum : Plathyhelminthes
• Class : Cestoidea
• Subclass : Cestoda
• Ordo : Cyclophyllidae
• Family : Dilepididae
• Genus : Dipylidium
• Spesies : Dipylidium caninum

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 Dipylidium caninum
Host

• Definitive host : Dog, cats and humans

• Intermediate host: fleas such as
Ctenocephalides canis, C. felis, Pulex irritans,
and the dog louse.

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 Dipylidium caninum
Distribution

• Worldwide distribution among dogs

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 Dipylidium caninum
Morphology
• Scolex:
– 4 suckers
– Retractile rostellum
– 3-5 lines hooks
• Mature proglottids:
– Trapezoidal
– 2 genital pores each
• Eggs packed in pockets

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 Life Cycle &
Transmision
• Infective stage:
cysticercoid in fleas
• Diagnostic stage:
Gravid proglottid emerges from anus

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Thank You

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