KARST TOPOGRAPHY

Hamid Bashir 904

Nasir Asalm 909
Yousra Rauf 924
Zaib-un-Nisa 939
CONTENTS
 Introduction
• Karts and pesudokarts
• Limestone and Dolomite
• World land %
 Processes of Karts topography
• True karts
• Fluvio karts
• Glacio karts
• Thermo Karst
 Hydrological stand point
• Epi-karst
• Endo-karst
• Tropical-karst
 WHAT IS KARST
• Slovenia word ‘kars or krs’ mean bare stony ground
• It is also German form of the Indo-European word ‘kar’ mean rock
KARTS AND PSEUDO KARTS
• Karts ( Solution is dominant process)
• Pesudo-karts ( Solution is not dominant) it may be Hydraulic action, tectonic movement,
melting water, weathering and evacuation of the lava
 TRUE KARTS ( KARTS)
• It is formed by the only one process which is solution ( dissolving of the rocks)
 FLUVIO-KARTS
• In this karts stream action and solution both play role to form the land form but stream action
is prominent
 GLACIO-KARTS
• As its name suggest that glacier is dominant in the formative process than the solution
 THERMO-KARTS
• These features are formed by the thermal energy powered by the Volcano or by the tectonic force
HYDROLGICAL STAND POINT
• Epi-karst
*Surface karst forms (Bare karst and Covered karst )
• Endo-karst
* Subterranean Karst forms
1:Erosional forms in caves
2: Depositional forms in caves
• Tropical karst ( Tower and Cone )
• Central America, Southern Mexico
SURFACE KARTS FORMS
 Bare Karst (Microforms)
• Grikes
• Clints
 Covered Karst
• Soultion pits
• Pinnacle
• Soultion runnels
 Free Karst
 Impounded Karst
GRIKES AND CLINTS
PINNACLE
SOLUTION RUNNELS
ENDO KARST FORM

 Subterranean karst
• Erosional forms in caves
• Depositional forms in caves
 Cave formation ( lithology, joints, fracture)
 Classification of the cave
EROSIONAL FORMS IN CAVE
• Potholes
• Rock pendants
• Scallops
DEPOSITIONAL FORMS IN CAVE
• Dripstone and flowstone
1:stalactites
2:stalagmites
3:column
• Eccentric forms
1:shields
2:Botryoidal forms
• Sub-aqueous forms
1:gours
2:cave pearls (0.2-15mm)
DRIPSTONE AND FLOWSTONE
• Stalactites
• Stalagmites
• Column
COLUMN
 ECCENTRIC FORM
• Shield
• Botryoidal forms
SUB-AQUEOUS FORMS
• Rimstone pool
• Pisoliths
• Crystal linigs
WORLD DISTRIBUTION
RIMSTONE POOL
CONE KARST
KARST TOWER