Cell cycle and cell

division:-
PRESENTED BY:- PRIYANJALI SAINI
NURSING TUTOR
H.C.N.S
Cell division:-
 It is the process by which a mature cell divides and forms two equal daughter cells
which resemble the parental cell in a number of character.
Cell cycle:-
 The sequence of events which occur during cell growth & cell division
collectively called cell cycle.
 Cell cycle complete into two steps :-
 Interphase
 M- phase/ dividing phase
Interphase:-
 It is the period between the end of one cell division to the beginning of next cell
division.
 It is also called resting phase or not dividing phase. It is completed into three
stages.
 G1 phase / post mitotic phase/ pre- DNA synthetic phase.
 S phase/ DNA synthetic phase.
 G2 phase/ post – DNA synthetic phase.
M- phase / MITOSIS
 Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell divides to produce two new cells
that are genetically identical to itself.
 Phases of mitosis:-
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
5. Cytokinesis
Prophase:-
 The chromosome start to condense.
 The mitotic spindle begins to form by microtubules.
 The nucleous were disappears.
 The mitotic spindle grows more &capture chromosomes.
Metaphase:-

 The chromosome are lined them up at the middle of the cell & ready to divide.
 At this stage each chromosome should be attached to opposite spindle poles.
Anaphase:-
 The sister chromatids seprate from each other & pulled towards opposite Ends of the
cell & the mitotic spindle are shorter.
Telophase:-
 The cell is nearly alone dividing & it start to re-establish it’s normal structure as
cytokinesis.
 Two new nuclei form , one for each set of chromosomes.
 Nuclear Membrane re- appear.
Cytokinesis:-
 The division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells when cytokinesis finishes.
 MEIOSIS:-
 MEIOSIS is a process where a single cell divides twice to
produce 4 daughter cells containing half (haploid)
original amount of genetic information. These cells are
reproductive cells also called gametes.
 Sperm in males
 Ovum in females.
 MEIOSIS can be divided into 2 phases.
 Meiosis-1:- these are divided between the first time the
cell divides .
 MEIOSIS -2:- when 2nd time it divides.
Interphase:-
 The DNA In the cell is copied resulting in two identical full sets of chromosomes.
 Outside the nucleus ,are two centrosomes , each containing a pair of centrioles ,these
structures are critical for the process of cell division.
 During interphase, microtubules extend from these centrosomes.
MEIOSIS -1
 Prophase-1
 The copied chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures that can be easily
seen under a microscope.
 Each chromosome is composed of two sisters chromatids containing identical
genetic information.
 The nucleous disappear.
 The nuclear membrane breakdown .
 The spindle are develops
 The pairs of chromosomes may then exchange bits of DNA in a process called
recombination or crossing over.
 Metaphase-1
 The chromosome pairs line up next to each other along the centre of the cell.
 The centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell with spindles.
 The spindle fibres attach to one chromosome of each pair.
Anaphase-1
 The chromosomes are separated from each other & pulled towards opposite ends of
the cell.
 In meiosis1 the sister chromatids stay together. This is different to what happens in
mitosis and meiosis 2nd .
Telophase-1
 At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes gather together.
 A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new nuclei.
Cytokinesis:-

 A single cell then divide to form two separate daughter cells each containing a full
set of chromosomes with in a nucleus.
MEIOSIS 2nd
 Prophase IInd :-
 Now there are two daughter cells each with 23 pairs of chromatids .
 In each of the two daughters cell the chromosome start condense again into X- Shaped
structures.
 The membrane around the nucleus in each daughter cell dissolves away releasing the
chromosomes.
 The meiotic spindle forms again.
 The centriole duplicate.
Metaphase- 2nd
 METAPHASE-2ND
 In each of the two daughter cells the chromosomes Line up end-to-end along the
equator of the cell.
 The centriole are now at opposite poles in each of the daughter cells.
 Meiotic spindle fibres at each pole of the cell attach to each of the sister chromatids.
Anaphase-2nd
 The sister chromatids are then pulled to opposite poles due to the action of the meiotic
spindle.
 The separated chromatids are now individual chromosomes.
Telophase-2nd
 At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes gather together.
 A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new cell nuclei.
 Once cytokinesis is complete there are four grand daughter cells are formed.
 Each daughter cell is haploid (23 chromosome).
 In males, these four cells are sperm cells.
 In females, one of the cell is an ovum while other 3are small cells that do not
developed.
Embryogenesis:-
 The fusion of haploid gametes.
 Fetilization gives rise to a diploid cell the zygote.
 The zygote then divides by mitosis to produce a embryo.
 Then multicellular division of embryo and then embryo develop in fetus.
 After nine month the fetus developed into a neonate.