Unit II: Baseband Digital

Transmission

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 Digital Multiplexing
• Voice, Video, graphic or text information is
digitized and becomes data to be multiplexed

• A multiplexer merges input bits from different

sources into one signal for transmission via a
digital communication system

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 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• TDM is widely used in digital communication
systems to maximum use the channel capacity

Digit Interleaving
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 TDM – Word Interleaving

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 Digital Multiplexing
• Comparison with TDM and FDM techniques
• Based on the principle of interleaving symbols from 2
or more digital signals
• Provides greater efficiency and flexibility by taking
advantage of the nature of digital signals
• Two standards :
1. AT&T hierarchy in North America, Canada & Japan
2. CCITT or ITU-T hierarchy in Europe

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 Functional operations of Digital
multiplexr
• Establish a frame as the smallest time interval
containing at least one bit from every input
• Assign to each input a number of unique bit
slots within a frame
• Insert control bits for frame identification and
synchronization
• Make allowance for any variations of the input
bit rates

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 Types of digital Multiplexers

• Synchronous
• Asynchronus
• Quasi-synchronus

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 North American PCM Telephony
• Twenty four T1 carriers (64kb/s) are multiplexed
to generate one DS1 carrier (1.544 Mb/s)

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 North American Digital Hierarchy

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 Basic Digital Hierarchies
AT&T : North American Digital Hierarchy
Primary M12 M23
Multiplex DS1 1.544 Mbps Multiplex DS2 6.312 Mbps Multiplex DS3 44.736 Mbps
Eg. Digital
Switch x4 x7
24 chan PCM
1
M13
Multiplex DS3 44.736 Mbps




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CCITT/ITU-T :European Digital Hierarchy

CEPT 1
Primary 2nd order 8.448 Mbps 3rd order 34.368 Mbps 4th order CEPT 4
2.048 Mbps
Multiplex Multiplex 139.264 Mbps
Multiplex Multiplex
Eg. Digital
Switch x4 x4 x4
30 chan PCM

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 Digital Carrier Systems
• For voice, each channel contains one word of digitized data (PCM, 8000
samples per sec)
– Data rate 8000x193 = 1.544Mbps
– Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples
– Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit
– Signaling bits form stream for each channel containing control and
routing information
• Same format for digital data
– 23 channels of data
• 7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems control
– 24th channel is sync

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 T1 System Signalling Format

193 framing bits plus more signalling bits final bit rate = 1.544 Mb/s
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 Summary of Bit rates at various
multiplexing levels

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 Pulse Stuffing
• Problem - Synchronizing data sources
• Situation - Clocks in different sources drift
• Data rates from different sources not related by simple
rational number
• Solution - Pulse Stuffing or bit stuffing
– Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than
sum of incoming rates
– Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal
until it matches local clock
– Stuffed pulses or bits inserted at fixed locations in frame
and removed at demultiplexer

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 ISI and Eye Pattern
• Inter-Symbol Interference
• ISI is caused when the channel’s bandwidth is
relatively narrow as compared to the signals
bandwidth
• Spillover from adjacent pulses or bits
• Combined effect of noise and ISI may result in
errors in regenerated message
• Experimental display on CRO- Eye pattern
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ISI- Digital Transmission Limitation

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 How to get ‘Eye Pattern’?
• Long-persistence oscilloscope with
appropriate synchronization and sweep time
is used to get eye pattern on its display
• Connections in experimental setup
V plates- received, distorted signal
H plates –Sweep signal

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 Eye Diagram on CRO/DSO
For analysis of channel’s
characteristics

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 Eye Diagram –Graphic display

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 Analysis Parameters from Eye Diagram

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 Features identified from eye pattern
• Optimum sampling time-maximum eye opening
• Noise Margin
• Max ISI- Amplitude error
• Zero crossing distortion – Time Jitter
• Slope of the eye pattern- sensitivity to timing
error
• Asymmetric eye-nonlinear transmission
distortion
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 Equalizers: Combating ISI
• Equalization is the process of nullifying the
adverse effect of a communication channel
• Any real channel needs equalization to
approach flat frequency response
• Equalizers need experimental adjustment in
the field because we don’t know the channel
characteristics exactly
• System Performance can be improved using
equaliser
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 Equalization
• The residual ISI can be
removed by equalization
• Estimate the amount of
ISI at each sampling
instance and subtract it

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 References
• Communication Systems by A B Carlson and
Paul Crilly
• Principles of communication systems by Taub
and schilling
• B P Lathi, Zhi Ding “Modern Analog and Digital
Communication System”, Oxford University
Press, Fourth Edition.
• Google search engine

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 Thank You!

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