Chemical Equilibrium

COPYRIGHT MCGRAW-HILL 2009

THE CONCEPT OF
EQUILIBRIUM
Most chemical reactions are reversible.

reversible reaction = a reaction that proceeds

simultaneously in both directions
Examples:

N2 ( g )  3 H2 ( g )  2 NH (g )
 3


CO(g )  2 H2 (g )  CH OH(g )
 3


N2O 4 (g )  2 NO (g )
 2


Double arrows ( 
) denote an equilibrium reaction.

Consider the reaction

N2O 4 (g )  2 NO (g )
 2

At equilibrium,
the forward reaction: N2O4(g)  2 NO2(g), and

the reverse reaction: 2 NO2(g)  N2O4(g)

proceed at equal rates.
Chemical equilibria are dynamic, not static – the
reactions do not stop.
EQUILIBRIUM
Let’s use 2 experiments to study the reaction

N2O 4 (g )   2 NO (g )
 2
each starting with a different reactant(s).
Exp #1 Exp #2

pure N2O4 pure NO2

Experiment #1 
N2O 4 (g )  2 NO (g )
 2
Experiment #2 
N2O 4 (g )  2 NO (g )
 2
 
N2O 4 (g )  2 NO (g )
 2
THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
At equilibrium,
rate forward  ratereverse

N2O 4 (g )  2 NO (g )
 2
 2
kf [N 2O 4 ]eq  kr [NO2 ]eq

or
2
kf [NO 2 ]eq
  Kc
kr [N 2 O 4 ]eq

where Kc is the equilibrium constant

THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

This constant value is termed

the equilibrium constant,
Kc, for this reaction at 25°C.
 For the NO2 / N2O4 system:

N 2O 4 ( g )  2 NO (g )
 2

[NO 2 ]2
K   0.143 at 25C
[N2O 4 ]

equilibrium constant
equilibrium constant expression

Note: at 100°C, K = 6.45

reaction quotient = Qc = the value of the m constant
expression” under any conditions.

For, 
CO(g )  Cl2 (g )  COCl (g )
 2

[COCl2 ]eq [COCl2 ]

Kc  Qc 
[CO]eq [Cl 2 ]eq [CO][Cl 2 ]

Q > K  reverse reaction favored

Q = K  equilibrium present
Q < K  forward reaction favored
For a reaction: 
a A  bB  c C  d D


PCc  PDd
For gases: KP  P in atm
PA a  PBb

[C]c [D]d
For solutions: Kc  [ ] = mol/L
[A]a [B]b

The Law of Mass Action:

Cato Maximilian Guldberg & Peter Waage,
Forhandlinger: Videnskabs-Selskabet i
Christiana 1864, 35.
Note:
• The equilibrium constant expression has products
in the numerator, reactants in the denominator.
• Reaction coefficients become exponents.
• Equilibrium constants are temperature dependent.
• Equilibrium constants do not have units.
• If K >>> 1, products favored (reaction goes
nearly to completion).
• If K <<< 1, reactants favored (reaction hardly
proceeds).
 EQUILIBRIUM
EXPRESSIONS
homogeneous equilibria = equilibria in which all
reactants and products are in the same phase.
heterogeneous equilibria = equilibria in which all
reactants and products are not in the same phase.
Ex: CaCO3 (s )  CaO(s )  CO (g )
 2
rium constant expression is,
K = [CO2]
• [CaO] and [CaCO3] are solids.
• Pure solids and liquids are omitted from equilibrium
constant expressions.
Homogeneous equilibria:
CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO(g) + 3H2(g);

CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g);

Heterogeneous equilibria:
CaCO3(s) ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g);

HF(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + F-(aq);

PbCl2(s) ⇄ Pb2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq);

Exercise: Write the expressions for Kp for the
following reactions:
(a) NH4NO3 (s )  N O(g )  2 H O(g )
 2 2

(b) Cu(s )  Cl 2 (g )  CuCl (s )
 2

Solution:

 
2
(a) K P  P N 2O  PH 2O

1
(b) K P 
PCl2
GASEOUS EQUILIBRIA
Kp = Kc (RT)∆n
Where:
∆n = moles of products – moles of reactants
R = 0.0821 Li-atm/mole K
Ex.
For the reaction:

N2 ( g )  3 H2 ( g )  2 NH (g )
 3

Kc = 2.3 x 10-2 at 375 oC. Calculate Kp at this

temperature.
Kp = Kc (RT)∆n
∆n = 2 – (3 + 1) = -2
= 2.3 x 10-2 [(0.0821)(375 + 273)]-2
= 8.1 x 10-6
A. Reverse Equations

For, N2O 4 (g )  2 NO (g )
 [1]
2

 PNO 
2

K1  2
 0.143 at 25 C
PN2O4

For, 
2 NO2 (g )  N O (g )
 [2]
2 4
PN 2O4 1
K2    6.99 at 25 C
 PNO 
2
0.143
2

Conclusion:
B. Coefficient Changes

For, N2O 4 (g )  2 NO (g )

 [1]
2
 
2
PNO2
K1   0.143 at 25 C
PN2O4
1  NO (g )
For, N2O 4 (g )   2 [3]
2
PNO2
K3  1/2  0.143  0.378 at 25 C

PN 2O4 
Conclusion:
C. Reaction Sum (related to Hess’ Law)

For, N O (g )  2 NO (g )
 [1]
2 4 2
PNO2 2
K1 
PN2O 4
For, 2 NO 2 (g )  2 NO( g )  O (g )
 [4]
2
 PNO  2 PO2
K4 
 
2
PNO2
Add [1] + [4],
N O (g )    2 NO(g )  O (g )
 [5]
2 4 2
 PNO  PO2
2

K5   K1  K 4
PN 2O4
EQUILIBRIUM
EXPRESSIONS
Exercise: At 500ºC, KP = 2.5  1010 for,

2 SO (g )  O (g )  2 SO (g )

2 2 3

Compute KP for each of the following:

1  SO (g)
(a) SO 2 (g)  O2 (g)  3
2
3  3 SO (g)
(b) 3 SO 2 (g)  O2 (g)  3
2

 1
(c) SO3 (g)  SO 2 (g)  O2 (g)
2
 PRACTICE
Write the equilibrium constant expressions for the
following:

1) C6H12O5(aq) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

2) 2NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO2 (g)
3) 4PH3 (g) → P4 (g) + 6H2 (g)
Use the following equilibria:
2 CH4 (g) C2H6 (g) + H2 (g) K1 = 9.5 x 10-13
CH4 (g) + H2O (g) CH3OH (g) + H2 (g) K2 = 2.8 x
10-21
To calculate the equilibrium constant, K3, for the ff
reaction:
2 CH3OH (g) + H2 (g) C2H6 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Given the following data:
(1) N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g) Kc1 = 4.3 x 10-25
(2) 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) Kc1 = 6.4 x 109
Determine the values of the equilibrium constants for
the following reactions:
(a) 4NO (g) N2 (g) + 2NO2 (g)
(b) 4NO2 (g) 2N2 (g) + 4O2 (g)
(c) 2NO (g) + 2NO2 (g) 3O2 (g) + 2N2 (g)
COPYRIGHT MCGRAW-HILL 2009
COPYRIGHT MCGRAW-HILL 2009
USING EQUILIBRIUM
EXPRESSIONS TO SOLVE
PROBLEMS
Predicting the direction of a reaction

Compare the computed value of Q to K

Q > K  reverse reaction favored

Q = K  equilibrium present
Q < K  forward reaction favored
ple #1: At 448°C, K = 51 for the reaction,

Predict the direction the reaction will proceed, if at

448°C the pressures of HI, H2, and I2 are 1.3, 2.1
and 1.7 atm, respectively.
Solution:
 PHI  (1.3)2
2
Q    0.47
PH 2  PI2 (2.1)  (1.7)
0.47 < 51  system not at equilibrium
Numerator must increase and denominator must
decrease.
Consequently the reaction must shift to the right.
Example #2: At 1130°C, K = 2.59  102 for

At equilibrium, PH = 0.557 atm and PH = 0.173 atm,

2S 2

calculate PS at 1130°C.
 
2 2
PH2  PS2
Solution: K   2.59 102
 
2
PH2S

(0.173) 2  PS2
  2.59  102
(0.557) 2

PS = 0.268 atm
2
APPLICATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT
For any system or reaction:
1. Knowing the equilibrium constant, we can predict whether or
not a reaction mixture is at equilibrium, and we can predict
the direction of net reaction.
 Qc = Kc  equilibrium (no net
reaction)
 Qc < Kc  a net forward
reaction;
 Qc > Kc  a net reverse reaction
2. The value of K tells us whether a reaction favors the products
or the reactants.
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT IS USED
TO PREDICT THE DIRECTION OF NET
REACTION
For a reaction of known Kc value, the direction of net
reaction can be predicted by calculating the reaction
quotient, Qc.
Qc is called the reaction quotient, where for a reaction
such as:
c d
aA + bB ⇄ cC + dD; [C] [ D]
Qc 
[A]a [ B]b
Qc has the same expression as Kc , but
Qc is calculated using concentrations that are not
necessarily at equilibrium.
WHAT DOES THE REACTION QUOTIENT
TELL US?

If Qc = Kc,  the reaction is at equilibrium;

If Qc < Kc,  the reaction is not at
equilibrium and there’s a net forward
reaction;
If Qc > Kc,  the reaction is not at
equilibrium and there’s a net reaction in the
opposite direction.
 WHY IS EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
IMPORTANT?
Knowing Kc and the initial concentrations, we
can determine the concentrations of components
at equilibrium.
LE CHÂTELIER’S
PRINCIPLE
The Le Châtelier's principle states that:
when factors that influence an equilibrium are
altered, the equilibrium will shift to a new
position that tends to minimize those changes.

Factors that influence equilibrium:

Concentration, temperature, and partial pressure
(for gaseous)
THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN
CONCENTRATION
Consider the reaction: N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2 NH3(g);
[NH]2
Kc 
[N 2 ][H 2 ]3

If [N2] and/or [H2] is increased, Qc < Kc

 a net forward reaction will occur to reach new
equilibrium position.
If [NH3] is increased, Qc > Kc, and a net reverse
reaction will occur to come to new equilibrium
position.
EFFECTS OF PRESSURE CHANGE
ON EQUILIBRIUM

If the volume of a gas mixture is compressed, the

overall gas pressure will increase. In which
direction the equilibrium will shift in either
direction depends on the reaction stoichiometry.

However, there will be no effect to equilibrium if

the total gas pressure is increased by adding an
inert gas that is not part of the equilibrium
system.
 REACTIONS THAT SHIFT RIGHT WHEN
PRESSURE INCREASES AND SHIFT LEFT
WHEN PRESSURE DECREASES
Consider the reaction:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g),
1. The total moles of gas decreases as reaction
proceeds in the forward direction.
2. If pressure is increased by decreasing the volume
(compression), a forward reaction occurs to reduce
the stress.
3. Reactions that result in fewer moles of gas favor
high pressure conditions.
 REACTION THAT SHIFTS LEFT WHEN
PRESSURE INCREASES, BUT SHIFTS
RIGHT WHEN PRESSURE DECREASES
Consider the reaction: PCl5(g) ⇄ PCl (g) + Cl (g);
3 2

1. Forward reaction results in more gas molecules.

2. Pressure increases as reaction proceeds towards
equilibrium.
3. If mixture is compressed, pressure increases, and
reverse reaction occurs to reduce pressure;
4. If volume expands and pressure drops, forward
reaction occurs to compensate.
5. This type of reactions favors low pressure condition
 REACTIONS NOT AFFECTED BY
PRESSURE CHANGES
Consider the following reactions:
1. CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g);
2. H2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ 2HCl(g);

1. Reactions have same number of gas molecules in

reactants and products.
2. Reducing or increasing the volume will cause equal
effect on both sides – no net reaction will occur.
3. Equilibrium is not affected by change in pressure.
THE EFFECT TEMPERATURE ON
EQUILIBRIUM
Consider the following exothermic reaction:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g); Ho = -92 kJ,
The forward reaction produces heat => heat is a product.
When heat is added to increase temperature, reverse
reaction will take place to absorb the heat;
If heat is removed to reduce temperature, a net forward
reaction will occur to produce heat.
Exothermic reactions favor low temperature conditions.
THE EFFECT TEMPERATURE ON
EQUILIBRIUM
Consider the following endothermic reaction:
CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO(g) + 3H2(g), Ho = 205
kJ
1. Endothermic reaction absorbs heat  heat is a
reactant;
2. If heat is added to increasing the temperature, it
will cause a net forward reaction.
3. If heat is removed to reduce the temperature, it
will cause a net reverse reaction.
4. Endothermic reactions favor high temperature
condition.
EQUILIBRIUM EXERCISE

Determine whether the following reactions

favor high or low pressures?
1. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 SO3(g);
2. PCl5(g) ⇄ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g);
3. CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇄ CH3OH(g);
4. N2O4(g) ⇄ 2 NO2(g);
5. H2(g) + F2(g) ⇄ 2 HF(g);
EQUILIBRIUM EXERCISE

Determine whether the following reactions favors

high or low temperature?

1. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 SO3(g); Ho = -180 kJ

2. CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g); Ho = -46 kJ
3. CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ COCl2(g); Ho = -108 kJ
4. N2O4(g) ⇄ 2 NO2(g); Ho = +57 kJ
5. CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇄ CH3OH(g); Ho = -270 kJ
Exercise: Hydrogen (used in ammonia production)
is produced by the endothermic reaction,
Ni

CH4 (g )  H2O(g )  CO(g )  3H2 (g )
750C

Assuming the reaction is initially at equilibrium,

indicate the direction of the shift (L, R, none) if

(a) H2O(g) is removed. Left

(b) The temperature is increased. Right
(c) The quantity of Ni catalyst is increased. None
(d) An inert gas (e.g., He) is added. None
Right
(e) H2(g) is removed.
Right
(f) The volume of the container is tripled.

COPYRIGHT MCGRAW-HILL 2009

DESCRIBE THE CHANGES
THAT OCCUR AFTER EACH
STRESS IS APPLIED TO THE
EQUILIBRIUM
2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 SO3 (g) + energy
1. [SO2] is increased
2. [SO3] is increased

3. [O2] is increased
4. Temp is increased

5. Volume is decreased

6. A catalyst is added
CaCO3 (s) + 170 KJ ⇄ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
1. CaCO3 is added
2. CaO is added
3. CO2 is added
4. Temp is decreased
5. An inert gas is added

COPYRIGHT MCGRAW-HILL 2009

 CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM
CONCENTRATIONS USING INITIAL
CONCENTRATIONS AND VALUE OF KC
Consider the reaction:
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2 HI(g),
where Kc = 55.6 at 425oC.
If [H2]0 = [I2]0 = 0.1000 M, and [HI]0 = 0.0
M, what are their concentrations at
equilibrium?
USING THE ICE TABLE TO
CALCULATE EQUILIBRIUM
CONCENTRATIONS
Equation: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2 HI(g),


Initial [ ], M 0.1000 0.1000 0.0000

Change [ ], M -x -x +2x
Equilibrium [ ], M (0.1000 - x) (0.1000 - x) 2x
 

[HI]2 (2 x ) 2
Kc   2
 55.6
[H 2 ][I 2 ] (0.100 - x )
CALCULATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
CONCENTRATIONS

2x
 55.6  7.46
(0.100 - x
2 x  0.746 - 7.46 x;  9.46 x  0.746
x  0.0789 ;
[H 2 ]  [I 2 ]  0.0211 M; [HI]  0.158 M
CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT

Example:
A closed system initially containing 1.0 x 10-3
M of H2 gas and 2.0 x 10-3 M of I2 at 448 oC
vapor is allowed to reach equilibrium. Analysis
of the equilibrium mixture shows that the
concentration of HI is 1.87 x10-3 M. Calculate
Kc at 448 oC for the reaction taking place
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)
CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT
FOR REACTION: H2(G) + I2(G) ⇄ 2HI(G)
————————————————————————————
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2 HI(g)
————————————————————————————
Initial [ ], M: 1x 10-3 2 x 10-3 0
Change in [ ], M: - 9.35 x 10-4 - 9.35 x 10-4 + 1.87 x 10-3
Equilibrium [ ], M 6.5 x 10-5 1.065 x 10-3 1.87 x 10-3
————————————————————————————

[HI]2
Kc =
[H 2 ][I 2 ]
= (1.87 x 10-3)2 = 51
(6.5 x 10 )(1.065 x 10 )
-5 -3
CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT

Example-2:
0.500 mole of HI is introduced into a 1.00 liter sealed
flask and heated to a certain temperature. Under this
condition HI decomposes to produce H2 and I2 until an
equilibrium is established. An analysis of the
equilibrium mixture shows that 0.105 mole of HI has
decomposed. Calculate the equilibrium concentrations
of H2, I2 and HI, and the equilibrium constant Kc for the
following reaction:
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g),
CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

The reaction: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g), proceeds from

right to left.
————————————————————————————

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)

————————————————————————————
Initial [ ], M: 0.000 0.000 0.500
Change in [ ], M: +0.0525 +0.0525 -0.105
Equil’m [ ], M 0.0525 0.0525 0.395
————————————————————————————

(0.395) 2
K =
c
2 = 56.6
(0.0525)
ple: K = 82.2 at 25°C for,

Initially, PI2 = PCl2 = 2.00 atm and PICl = 0.00 atm.

What are the equilibrium pressures of I2, Cl2, and ICl?
Solution:

al 2.00 atm 2.00 atm 0.00 atm

nge x x +2x
librium (2.00 – x) (2.00 – x) 2x
PICl 2 (2 x) 2
K    82.2
PI2  PCl2 (2.00  x)(2.00  x )

perfect square
le: (cont.)
(2 x) 2
 82.2
(2.00  x)(2.00  x)

(2 x)
square root   9.066
(2.00  x)

2 x = 18.132 – 9.066 x
11.066 x = 18.132
x = 18.132 / 11.066 = 1.639

0 – x = 2.00 – 1.639 = 0.36 atm

(1.639) = 3.28 atm

Example: A pure NO2 sample reacts at 1000 K,

2 NO (g )  2 NO(g )  O (g )

2 2
KP is 158. If at 1000 K the equilibrium partial
pressure of O2 is 0.25 atm, what are the equilibrium
partial pressures of NO and NO2.
Solution:
Initial ? 0 atm 0 atm
Change 0.50 +0.50 +0.25
Equilibrium P +0.50 atm 0.25 atm
NO2

 PNO   PO
2
(0.50) 2 (0.25)
KP  2
  158
 PNO   PNO 
2 2
2 2

rearrange and solve

Example: (cont.)
(0.50) 2 (0.25)
 158
 PNO 
2
2

(0.50)2 (0.25)
 PNO 
2

2
158 = 3.956  104

PNO2  3.956  10 4  0.01989

PNO2 = 0.020 atm

PNO = 0.50 atm

see ICE table
Example #5: The total pressure of an equilibrium
mixture of N2O4 and NO2 at 25°C is 1.30 atm. For
the reaction:

N2O 4 (g )  2 NO (g )
 2

KP = 0.143 at 25°C. Calculate the equilibrium

partial pressures of N2O4 and NO2.
 PNO 
2

KP  2
 0.143
PN 2O4

PNO2 + PN = 1.30 atm

2O4

two equations and two unknowns – BINGO!

le: (cont.)
 PNO 
2

KP  2
 0.143 PNO2 + PN = 1.30 atm
PN2O4 2O4

PN = 1.30 atm - PNO2

2O4
 
2
PNO2
 0.143
(1.30  PNO2 )

PNO22 + 0.143 PNO2  0.1859 = 0

Use the quadratic formula,

PNO2 = +0.366 atm and 0.509 atm

PN = 1.30 atm - PNO2 = 1.30  0.366 = 0.934 atm
2O4

PN O = 0.93 atm
2 4
 EQUILIBRIUM EXERCISE #1
A flask is charged with 2.00 atm of nitrogen dioxide
and 1.00 atm of dinitrogen tetroxide at 25 oC and
allowed to reach equilibrium. When equilibrium is
established, the partial pressure of NO2 has
decreased by 1.24 atm.
(a) What are the partial pressures of NO2 and N2O4 at
equilibrium?
(b) Calculate Kp and Kc for following reaction at 25 oC.
2 NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g)
EQUILIBRIUM EXERCISE #2
Methanol is produced according to the following equation:
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇄ CH3OH(g)
In an experiment, 1.000 mol each of CO and H2 were
allowed to react in a sealed 10.0-L reaction vessel at 500
K. When the equilibrium was established, the mixture was
found to contain 0.0892 mole of CH3OH. What are the
equilibrium concentrations of CO, H2 and CH3OH?
Calculate the equilibrium constants Kc and Kp for this
reaction at 500 K?
(R = 0.0821 L.atm/Mol.K)
EQUILIBRIUM EXERCISE #3

For the reaction: CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇄ CH3OH(g)

Kc = 15.0 at a certain temperature. Is a reaction
mixture that contains 0.40 M CO, 0.80 M H2, and
0.10 M CH3OH at equilibrium? If not, in which
direction will the net reaction occur? What will
be their concentrations when equilibrium is
established?
 EQUILIBRIUM EXERCISE #4 & 5
4. The reaction: N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g),
has equilibrium constant, Kc = 0.0602 at 500oC.
What is the equilibrium constant for the following
reaction?
NH3(g) ⇄ ½N2(g) + 3/2H2(g)

5. For the reaction: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 SO3(g),

Kc = 280 at 1000 K.
What is the equilibrium constant for the decomposition
of SO3 at 1000 K according to the following equation?
SO3(g) ⇄ SO2(g) + ½ O2(g).
EQUILIBRIUM EXERCISE #6

If N2(g) + ½ O2(g) ⇄ N2O(g); Kc(1) = 2.4 x 10-18

and N2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 NO(g); Kc(2) = 4.1 x 10-31
What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction?
N2O(g) + ½ O2(g) ⇄ 2NO(g)
EQUILIBRIUM EXERCISE #7
For the reaction:
CO(g) + 2 H2(g) ⇄ CH3OH(g), Kc = 14.5 at 500 K.

Predict whether a mixture that contains 1.50 mol of

H2, 1.00 mol of CO, and 0.50 mol of CH3OH in a
10.0-L vessel at 500 Kc is at equilibrium.
If not, indicate the direction in which the net reaction
will occur to reach equilibrium.
EQUILIBRIUM EXERCISE #8
For the reaction:
2 NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g); Kp = 1.27 at 353 K.
If the initial pressure of NO2 was 3.92 atm, and
initially there was no N2O4, what are the partial
pressures of the gases at equilibrium at 353 K? What
is the total gas pressure at equilibrium?
EQUILIBRIUM EXERCISE #9

The reaction:
PCl5(g) ⇄ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) has Kc = 0.0900.

A 0.1000-mol sample of PCl5 is placed in an

empty 1.00-L flask and the above reaction is
allowed to come to equilibrium at a certain
temperature. How many moles of PCl5, PCl3, and
Cl2, respectively, are present at equilibrium?