REVIEW

Calculate the percentage by

mass/volume of a solution that
contains 20.0 grams of sodium
hydroxide, NaOH, in a 500.0 mL
solution.
Calculate the percentage by
volume of ethyl alcohol in a
solution of 10.0 mL ethyl alcohol
in 40.0 mL water.
Drinking water cannot contain
more than 5.00 x 10-8 gram of
arsenic per gram of water,
according to law. Express this
concentration of arsenic in ppm.
What is the mole fraction of the
solute in a 40.0% by mass
ethanol (C2H6O) solution in
water?
What is the molality of a solution
containing 75.5 grams sucrose
in 400.0 grams water?
How many grams of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) are needed to
prepare a 0.700 molal solution
using 700.0 grams water?
 SOLUTION
STOICHIOMETRY
Nitric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide
in solution to give sodium nitrate and
water.
HNO3(aq)+NaOH(aq)—>NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

How many moles of water are formed

when 25.0 mL of 0.100 M HNO3
completely reacts with NaOH?
What volume of a 0.470 M HCl
reacted with enough Zn metal to
produce 1.50g ZnCl2 based on the
following reaction?
Zn(s)+2 HCl(aq) —> ZnCl2(aq)+H2(g)
Consider the following equation:
Ca(OH)2(s)+2HCl(aq)—>CaCl2(aq)+2 H2O(l)
a) How many liters of 0.100 M HCl is
required to completely react with 5.00
grams of calcium hydroxide?
b) If 15.0 grams of calcium hydroxide is
combined with 75.0 mL of 0.500 M HCl,
how many grams of calcium chloride
would be formed?
How many grams of solid calcium
hydroxide are required to react
with 350 mL of 0.40 M HCl?
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O
How many grams of aluminum
are required to react with 35 mL
of 2.0 M HCl?
6HCl + 2Al → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
How many liters of 0.75 M solution of
calcium nitrate will be required to
react with 148 g of sodium
carbonate?
Ca(NO3)2 + Na2CO3→CaCO3 + 2NaNO3
COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES
OF
SOLUTIONS
COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES
Colligative properties are properties of a
solution that depend only on the
number and not on the identity of the
solute particles.
Colligative properties include:
• vapor pressure lowering
• freezing point depression
• boiling point elevation
• Osmotic pressure
1. VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
Review: What is vapor pressure?

Volatile vs.
Nonvolatile substances
Ions and water
molecules interact so
that less are able to
leave the surface,
creating a lower vapor
pressure.
Solutions that contain
nonvolatile solutes will
have a LOWER vapor
pressure than the pure
solvent
• Glucose and sodium
chloride are both
nonvolatile solutes
• Example – salt water
solution
The decrease in vapor pressure (and all
colligative properties) is proportional to
the number of solute particles in the
solution
• NaCl fully ionizes into 2 ions, while the
glucose molecules do not break apart
when dissolving
• Each NaCl will have a GREATER effect on
vapor pressure because it dissociates into
more particles than glucose
P = X PO
Where:
P = vapor pressure of solution
X = mole fraction of solvent
PO = vapor pressure of solvent

Δ P = PO - Psoln
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution
made by dissolving 82.4 g of urea (MM =
60 g/mol) in 212 mL of water at 35 oC.
What is the vapor pressure lowering?
The vapor pressure of water at 35 oC is
42.18 mmHg.
Ans. Psoln = 37.8 mmHg; ∆P = 4.38 mmHg
What is the vapor pressure of a solution
made by dissolving 225 g of glucose in
358 mL of water at 30.0 oC. (MM = 180
g/mol) What is the vapor pressure
lowering? The vapor pressure of pure
water at 30 oC is 31.82 mmHg. Assume
that the density of the solution is 1.00
g/mL
Ans.Psoln = 29.9 mmHg: ∆P = 1.88 mmHg
2. BOILING-POINT ELEVATION
Since adding a solute to water decreases
the vapor pressure, what will happen to the
boiling point?
• It will increase!
• Called boiling-point elevation
CALCULATIONS WITH BOILING
POINT – NON-ELECTROLYTES
Δ Tb = Kb m
Kb = (called the boiling-point-elevation
constant), depends only on the solvent
Kb H2O = 0.512 oC/molal
m = molal concentration of the solution
Tbsol’n = Δ Tb + Tbsolvent
CALCULATIONS WITH BOILING
POINT – ELECTROLYTES

i
Δ Tb = Kb m
i = number of particles (ions)
that are formed upon
dissociation
What is the boiling point of a
solution of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH,
that contains 20.0 g of the solute
dissolved in 250 g of water?

Ans. 100.89 oC
 
Calculate the boiling point of a
solution that results when 25 g of
C6H12O6 are dissolved in 110 g of
benzene. For benzene, Kb = 2.53
oC/molal and the boiling point of

pure benzene is 80.1 oC.

Ans. 83.3 oC
Determine the molality of an
aqueous sol’n that boils at 102.3
oC.

Ans. 4.492 m
What is the new boiling point of a
solution prepared by adding
96.0 g of sodium chloride to 383
mL of water? The boiling point
constant for water is 0.512 °C/m.
Ans. 104.43 °C
What is the normal boiling point
of seawater, which is about
3.5% by mass dissolved solids?

Ans. 100.64 °C
3. FREEZING-POINT DEPRESSION
Presence of solute in
water disrupts the
freezing pattern
Need to withdraw
MORE energy from a
solution for it to
solidify
• Called freezing-point
depression
CALCULATIONS WITH FREEZING
POINT – NON-ELECTROLYTES

Δ Tf = Kf m
Kf = (called the freezing-point-elevation
constant), depends only on the solvent
KfH2O = 1.86 oC/molal
m = molal concentration of the solution
Tfsol’n = Tfsolvent - Δ Tf
CALCULATIONS WITH FREEZING
POINT – ELECTROLYTES

i
Δ Tf = Kf m
i = number of particles (ions)
that are formed upon
dissociation
What is the freezing point of the
sol’n prepared by mixing 95.00 g
of CH3OH in 800.0 g of benzene?
For benzene, Kf = 5.12 oC/molal,
the freezing point of pure benzene
is 5.5 oC
Ans. -13.50 °C
A 24.0 g sample of nonelectrolyte
is dissolved in 160.0 g of water.
The resulting solution freezes at
-1.94 oC. What is the molecular
weight of the nonelectrolyte?

Ans. 144 g/mol

Estimate the freezing point of a
0.106 m aqueous MgCl2,
assuming that it ionizes
completely.

Ans. - 0.591 °C
Calculate the mass of CH3OH that
should be added to 3500.0 g of
benzene to lower its freezing pt.
to -3.50 oC. For benzene, Kf = 5.12
oC/molal, the freezing point of

pure benzene is 5.5 oC

Ans. 197 oC
A solution is made by dissolving
530.0 g of KCl in 920.0 g of water.
Determine the boiling pt. and
freezing pt. of the sol’n? MW of
KCl = 74 g/mole
Ans. 108.0 oC; -28.96 oC
4. OSMOTIC
PRESSURE
Solute concentration effects osmosis
rate
Osmosis: when a solvent moves from an
area of low concentration to an area of
high concentration through a
semipermeable membrane that allows
only the solvent to pass.
AN EXPERIMENT
WITH OSMOSIS:
Osmotic Pressure = amount of additional
pressure caused by water molecules what
moved into the concentrated solution
Isotonic saline solution, which is used as
intravenous solution, has the same
osmotic pressure as blood. It can be
prepared by dissolving 0.923 g of NaCl
in enough water to produce 100.0 mL
of solution. Calculate the osmotic
pressure in atm of this solution at 25.0
oC.

Ans. 7.79 atm

A 202-mL benzene solution
containing 2.47 g of an organic
polymer has an osmotic
pressure of 8.63 mmHg at 21.0
oC. Calculate the molar mass of

the polymer.
Ans. 2.60 x 104 g/mol
PRACTICE
1. Eugenol is the active ingredient in the oil of
cloves used to relieve toothache. Calculate
the boiling point of a solution in which 0.17
grams of eugenol, (C10H12O2) is dissolved in
10.0 grams of benzene. (Kb benzene= 2.53
0C/m; Tb(solvent) = 80.100C)

2. A solution was prepared by dissolving 18.00

grams glucose in 150.0 grams water. The
resulting solution was found to have a
boiling point of 100.34 0C. Calculate the
molar mass of glucose. (Kb water) = 0.51 0C
kg/mol; (Tb water) = 80. 00C
3. The vapor pressure of water at 20 oC is
2.33 kPa. A 20% w/w solution of ethylene
glycol in water is prepared. Assuming that
the solute is nonvolatile, estimate the vapor
pressure of the solution.
4. The vapor pressure of water at 20 oC is
2.33 kPa. If the solute in a solution made
from 10.0 g of NaCl in 1.00 kg of water is
100 dissociated, what is the vapor pressure
of this solution at 20 oC?
5. Consider an aqueous 1.00 m of Na3PO4.
Calculate the boiling point and freezing
point of this solution on the assumption
that it’s van’t Hoff factor reflects 100%
dissociation into ions