ONE-DIMENSIONAL,

STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
 Contents
• Heat is transferred by diffusion under one
dimensional, steady-state conditions.
• Despite their inherent simplicity, one-
dimensional, steady-state models may be used
to accurately represent numerous engineering
systems.
• Concept of thermal resistance
• extended surfaces
 The Plan Wall
Temperature Distribution
 Integrating
Boundary conditions:
Heat Transfer Rate and Heat Flux
THERMAL RESISTANCE - Conduction

Ohm’s Law
THERMAL RESISTANCE - Conduction

Newton’s Law of Cooling

Equivalent Thermal Circuit
 Thermal Resistance For Radiation

 
Surface radiation and convection resistances act
in parallel, and if , they may be combined to
obtain a single, effective surface resistance.
CONTACT RESISTANCE
ALTERNATIVE CONDUCTION ANALYSIS

For constant surface area

and thermal conductivity
Total Resistance for Radial System
RADIAL SYSTEM
THE SPHERE
THE COMPOSITE WALL
If ambient temperatures are know, the heat transfer
rate can be calculated from:

Then all other temperatures can be calculated from:

 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U

For constant surface areas:

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U
For different surface areas:

 
==...

 
1 1
𝑈 1= ×
𝐴 1 𝑅 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Series and Parallel Composite Wall
y

x
Surface normal to x
directions are
isothermal.

Surface normal to y
directions are
adiabatic.
Composite Wall for Radial System
Overall heat transfer coefficient based on area with radius r1

Others overall heat transfer coefficient based on area

with radius r2, r3, r4 can be calculated from this relationship:
 CONDUCTION WITH THERMAL ENERGY
GENERATION
Conversion from electrical to thermal energy in
a current-carrying medium (ohmic or resistance
heating).
 The Plane Wall
Governing equation for steady state, 1D, constant
properties, with heat generation:

Integrating twice, we have:

Asymmetric boundary conditions
For symmetric boundary conditions, the
maximum temperature exist at the mid
plane.
Conduction with Heat Generation for
Radial System
To relate the surface temperature, Ts, to the temperature of the
cold fluid T, either a surface energy balance or an overall
energy balance may be used.
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
A General Conduction Analysis
A General Conduction Analysis
Fin of uniform cross-sectional area
Fin performance – fin effectiveness
Fin performance – fin efficiency

For a straight fin of uniform cross-sectional area

and an adiabatic tip:
Overall Surface Efficiency
Analysis