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Quadratic Functions-Hoboken2
Quadratic Functions-Hoboken2
Quadratic Functions-Hoboken2
Monika V Sikand
Light and Life Laboratory
Department of Physics and Engineering physics
Stevens Institute of Technology
Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030.
OUTLINE
Graphing Quadratic Functions
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
Solving Quadratic Equations by Finding
Square Roots
Complex Numbers
The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant
Graphing and Solving Quadratic Inequalities
Modeling with Quadratic Functions
Graphing Quadratic Functions
A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
y = a(x - h)2 + k
The vertex is (h,k).
(-7,-4) (1,-4)
y
INTERCEPT FORM OF
QUADRATIC EQUATION
y = a(x - p)(x - q)
The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco has two towers that
rise 500 feet above the road and are connected by suspension
cables as shown. Each cable forms a parabola with equation
1
y (x 2100)2 8
8940
500ft
l
x
200ft d
x2 + bx + c = (x+m)(x+n) = x2 + (m+n)x + mn
Example:
x2 + 8x + 15 = (x + 3)(x + 5)
EXAMPLE
Problem: Factor x2 - 12x - 28
Solution:
x2 - 12x - 28 = (x+m)(x+n) where mn = -28 and m+n = -12
Example: x2 - 9 = (x+3)(x-3)
x x
x x
4 4+2x
x x
x 2 x
2+2x
SOLUTION
Let the width of the border be = x
Area of the border = 7
Area of the border and window = (2+2x)(4+2x)
Area of the window = 24 = 8
7 = (2+2x)(4+2x) - 8
0 = 4x2 + 12x -7
0 = (2+7x)(2x-1)
2+7x = 0 or 2x-1 = 0
x = -3.5 o x = 0.5
Rejecting negative value, -3.5. Hence the border’s width is 0.5ft
ZERO PRODUCT PROPERTY
(x + 6)(x - 3) = 0.
Hence either x + 6 = 0 or x - 3 = 0.
Find zeros of y = x2 -x -6
Solution:
y = x2 - 3x + 2x - (32)
y = x(x-3) + 2(x-3)
y = (x + 2)(x - 3)
9 3
9 3.
PROPERTIES OF SQUARE ROOTS
(a>0, b>0)
PRODUCT PROPERTY:
ab a. b
QUOTIENT PROPERTY:
a
a
b b
SIMPLIFY
7
(a). 24 (b).
2
4. 6 7 2
2 6 2 2
14
2
Solving a quadratic equation
Solve: Solve:
2x 2 1 17 1
(x 5)2 7
2x 2 16 3
x2 8 (x 5)2 21
x 8 (x 5) 21
x 2 2 x 5 21
Hence the solutions are: Hence the solutions are:
2 2 and 2 2 5 21 and 5 21
REAL LIFE EXAMPLE
A stunt man working on the set of a movie is to fall
out of a window 100 feet above the ground. For the
stunt man’s safety, an air cushion 26 feet wide by
30 feet long by 9 feet high is positioned on the
ground below the window.
a. For how many seconds will the stunt man fall before
he reaches the cushion?
b. A movie camera operating at a speed of 24 frames
per second records the stunt man’s fall. How many
frames of film show the stunt man falling?
SOLUTION
a. The stunt man’s initial height is ho = 100 feet, so his height as a
function of time can be modeled by function h = -16t2 + 100. Since the
height of the cushion is 9 feet above the ground, the the time taken by
the stunt man to reach the cushion is:
h = -16t2 + 100
9 = -16t2 + 100
-91 = -16t2
91/16 = t2 or t ≈ 2.4.
b. Thus, it takes about 2.4 seconds for the stunt man to reach the cushion.
c. The number of frames of film that show the stunt man falling is given by
the product (2.4sec)(24 frames/sec), or about 57 frames.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
COMPLEX NUMBER
A complex number written in standard form is a
number a+bi where a and b are real numbers.
r i r
where i is the imaginary unit defined as i 1
x 12
2i 3 and 2i 3
x i 12
x 2i 3
PLOTTING COMPLEX NUMBERS
y
Plot 2-3i in the complex
plane.
2-3i
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Example:
(4-i) + (3+2i) = (4+3) + i(-1+2) (7-5i) - (1-5i) = (7-1) + i(-5+5)
=7+i = 6 + 0i
=6
MULTIPLYING THE COMPLEX
NUMBERS
Write the expression as a complex number in standard form.
5 3i
Write the quotient in standard form.
1 2i
Solution:
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the complex
conjugate of the denominator.
5 3i 1 2i 5 10i 3i 6i 2
1 2i 1 2i 1 2i 2i 4i 2
113i 1 13
i
5 5 5
ABSOLUTE VALUES OF COMPLEX
NUMBER
(a)3 4i 3 4 25 5
2 2
b b 4ac
2
x
2a
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATION
WITH TWO REAL SOLUTIONS
Solve
2x 2 x 5
Solution : The solutions are:
2x 2 x 5 0
1 41
b b 4ac2 x 1.35
x 4
2a and
1 12 4(2)(5) 1 41
x x 1.85
2(2) 4
1 41
x
4
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATION
WITH ONE REAL SOLUTIONS
Solve
x 2 x 5x 9
Solution : Hence, the solution is 3.
x x 5x 9
2
x 2 6x 9 0
6 (6)2 4(1)(9)
x
2(1)
6 0
x
2
x3
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATION
WITH TWO IMAGINARY SOLUTIONS
Solve
x 2 2 x 2
The solutions are:
Solution
1+i and 1-i
x 2 2 x 2
x 2 2 x 2 0
2 2 2 4(1)(2)
x
2(1)
2 4
x
2
2 2i
x
2
x 1 i
DISCRIMINANT
b b 4ac2
x
2a
NUMBER AND TYPE OF SOLUTIONS
OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
Solve
x 2 6x 8 0
Discri min ant :
b 2 4ac (6)2 4(1)(8) 4 Hence there are two real
Solutions : solutions: 4,2
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
6 (6)2 4(1)(8)
x
2
6 4 62
x 31 4, 2
2 2
EXAMPLE: ONE REAL SOLUTION
Solve
x 2 6x 9 0
Discri min ant :
b 2 4ac (6)2 4(1)(9) 0
Solutions :
x
b b 2 4ac Hence, there is one real solution: 3
2a
6 (6)2 4(1)(9)
x
2
6 0 6
x 3
2 2
EXAMPLE: TWO IMAGINARY
SOLUTIONS
Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation and give the number
and type of solutions of the equation.
Solve
x 2 6x 10 0
Hence there are two
Discri min ant :
imaginary solutions:
b 2 4ac (6)2 4(1)(10) 4
Solutions :
b b 2 4ac
3+i and 3-i
x
2a
6 (6)2 4(1)(10)
x
2
6 4 6 2 1
x 3 i
2 2
REAL LIFE EXAMPLE
A baton twirler tosses a baton into the air. The baton
leaves the twirler’s hand 6 feet above the ground and
has an initial vertical velocity of 45 feet per second.
The twirler catches the baton when it falls back to a
height of 5 feet. For how long is the baton in the air?
Solution:
Since the baton is thrown, we use the model
h = -16t2 + vot + ho where vo = 45, ho = 6, h = 5.
SOLUTION(contd.)
h 16t 2 vot ho
5 16t 2 45t 6
0 16t 2 45t 1
45 2089
t
32
t 0.022 Rejecting the negative solution, the
or baton is in the air for about 2.8
t 2.8 seconds.
GRAPHING AND SOLVING
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
GRAPHING A QUADRATIC
INEQUALITY IN TWO VARIABLES
y < ax2 +bx +c y ≤ ax2 +bx +c
y > ax2 +bx +c y ≥ ax2 +bx +c
Solution:
Graph y = x2 -2x -3. Since the
inequality is >, make parabola dashed. 1
Test the point (1,0) inside the
0
parabola. y > x2 (1,0) 4 x
-2x -3
0 > 12-2(1)-3
0 > -4
So, (1,0) is a solution of the inequality.
Shade the region inside the parabola.
REAL LIFE EXAMPLE
Solution: y≥x2-4
1. Graph the inequality y≥x2-4. The graph is
in red region inside and including the
parabola y = x2-4.
x
2. Graph the inequality y<-x2-x+2. The
graph is in blue region inside (but not
including) the parabola y = -x2-x+2.
3. Identify the region where two graphs y<-x2-x+2.
overlap. This region is the graph of the
system.
QUADRATIC INEQUALITY IN
ONE VARIABLE
1. To solve ax2 + bx + c < 0 (or ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0),
graph y = ax2 + bx + c and identify the x values
for which the graph lies below (or on and below)
the x-axis.
Solve x2 - 6x + 5 < 0 y
Solution:
1. The solution consist of the x-values for
which the graph of y = x2 - 6x + 5 lies
below the x-axis. 1
2. Find the graph’s x-intercepts by letting y
= 0 1 3 5 x
0 = x2 - 6x + 5
0 = (x-1)(x-5)
x = 1 or x = 5
Sketch a parabola that opens up and has
1 and 5 as x-intercepts.
3. The graph lies below the x-axis between x
= 1 and x = 5.
4. The solution of the given inequality is
1<x<5.
EXAMPLE
Solve 2x2 + 3x -3 ≥ 0
Solution:
1. The solution consist of the x-values for which the graph
of y = 2x2 + 3x -3 lies on and above the x-axis.
2. Find the graph’s x-intercepts by letting y = 0
0 = 2x2 + 3x -3
3 32 4(2)(3)
x
2(2)
3 33
x
4
x 0.69or
x 2.19
EXAMPLE(contd.)
Solution:
First replace the inequality symbol with equal sign.
x2 + 2x = 8
x2 + 2x - 8 = 0
(x+4)(x-2) = 0
x = - 4 or x = 2
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Solution:
The values of x for which
V(x) > 25
0.005x2 - 0.23x +22 > 25
0.005x2 - 0.23x - 3 > 0
The solution consists of the x- values for which the graph lies above the x-
axis.
SOLUTION(contd.)
The graph’s x intercept is found by letting y =0 and using the quadratic
formula to solve for x.
0.005x2 - 0.23x - 3 = 0
x
0.23 (0.23)2 4 0.005 (3) Rejecting the negative value, the
2 0.005 graph’s x-intercept is about 57. The
0.23 .0529 .06 graph of 0.005x2 - 0.23x - 3 = 0 lies in
x
.01
the domain 16 ≤ x ≤ 70. The graph lies
0.23 .1129
x above the x-axis when 57 < x ≤ 70.
.01
0.23 0.34
x
.01
x 57approx. Hence the drivers over 57 years old
or tend to have reaction times greater than
x 11approx 25 milliseconds.
MODELING WITH
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
QUADRATIC FUNCTION IN VERTEX
FORM
y
Write the quadratic function for the parabola
shown.
Solution:
The vertex shown is (h,k) = (2,-3) 1 (4,1)
Using the vertex form of the quadratic function.
y = a(x-h)2 + k
1 x
y = a(x-2)2 - 3
Use the other given point (4,1) to find a.
1 = a(4-2)2 - 3
1 = 4a - 3
(2,-3)
4 = 4a
1=a
Hence the quadratic function for the parabola is
y = (x-2)2 -3
QUADRATIC FUNCTION IN
INTERCEPT FORM
Write the quadratic function for the parabola
shown.
Solution: (-1,2)
The x intercepts shown are p = -2, q = 3
Using the intercept form of the quadratic
function.
1 (3)
y = a(x-p)(x-q) (-2) 1
y = a(x+2)(x-3)
Use the other given point (-1,2) to find a.
2 = a(-1+2)(-1-3)
2 = -4a
-1/2 = a x
Hence the quadratic function for the parabola
is y = -1/2(x+2)(x-3)
y
END