MASONRY AND

CONCRETE
Reporter:
Delos Santos, Roxette April A.
Masonry
• is the art of
building with stone,
bricks, concrete
blocks and other
similar materials.
Mortar
• is composed of cement,
fine sands and lime.
• it is used a binding
material when building
with brick, block, and
stone.
Masonry Building Materials
Includes:
Stone
• Is relativity strong under compression
but weak under tension.
• Stone work classified as Ashlar and
Rubble.
 Ashlar
• consist of
carefully
worked and joined
stone blocks laid
in parallel
horizontal courses.
Rubble Stone
• generally
consists of
irregular stones
with good face
for the wall
surface.
Bricks
• are manufactured from clay and other
materials processed into a workable
consistency molded to sizes and fired
in kiln to make them strong, durable
and attractive.
Bricks are classified into three:

• Common Bricks
– are made from
clay called
ordinary
commercial bricks.
• Face Bricks – are
made from clay
material used on
exposed exterior
and interior
masonry walls and
other architectural
applications.
• Calcium Silicate
Bricks – are made
from clay or non-
clay materials with
alumina silica used
in furnace
construction.
Types of Brick Joints
Concave Vee Extruded
Flush Raked Weathered
Brick Laying
Brick Position
Stretcher Bond Header Bond
English Bond Flemish Bond
Concrete Hollow Block

• Otherwise called CHB for short.

• It is the most widely used masonry
material for all types of construction such
as walls, partitions, divider, fences, etc.
• It is a building module resembling large
bricks that are molded from sand and
cement.
Two core stretcher block Two core L-corner block Two core single end block

Half block Beam block Standard block

Estimating Concrete Hollow Block
• Conventional Method
• Area Method
 Conventional
Area Method
Method
3 ÷ .20 = 15 layer 3 x 20 = 60 sq. m.
20 ÷ .40 = 50 pcs OF 60 x 12.5 = 750 pcs
CHB of CHB
15 x 50 = 750 pcs of
CHB
 Conventional
Area Method
Method
2 ÷ .20 = 10 layer 2 x 15 = 30 sq. m.
15 ÷ .40 = 37.5 pcs of 30 x 12.5 = 375 pcs
CHB of CHB
10 x 37.5 = 375 pcs of
CHB
Quantity of cement and sand for mortar
and plaster mixture per cubic meter
Cement in bags Sand
Class Mixture
40kg 50kg Cu. M.

A 1:2 18.0 14.5 1.0

B 1:3 12.0 9.5 1.0

C 1:4 9.0 7.0 1.0

D 1:5 7.5 6.0 1.0

Cement
 Cement
•  is a binding agent that
sets and hardens to
adhere to building
units such as stones,
bricks, tiles, etc.
Hydraulic Cement
•Is a bonding agent that reacts with water to
form a hard stone-like substance that is
resistant to disintegration in water
Portland Cement
• Is widely used in various small and large
constructions including roads and
highways.
• It is not brand but a type of Hydraulic
Cement
Water
• Water that is acceptable for drinking
purposes is also satisfactory for use in
concrete mixing.
Admixture
• is defined as a material other than cement,
aggregate and water used as an ingredient
of concrete, added to the batch
immediately before or during mixing.
Air-entraining Admixtures
• cause small stable
bubbles of air to form
uniformly through a
concrete mix.
Aggregates
 Aggregates
• are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel,
or crushed stone that, along with water and
Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in
concrete.

•Are classified into two categories: Coarse

Aggregate and Fine Aggregate.
Coarse Aggregate
•Is that portion of an aggregates that is retained on
No. 4 (4.76mm) sieve which usually come from:
1.Natural gravel deposits which are formed by
water, wind or glacial action.
2.Manufactured by crushing rocks, stone, boulder,
and large cobble stone.
 Fine Aggregate
•Is generally the product of natural disintegration of
silica-bearing calcium-bearing rock.
•Are those that passes through No. 4 sieve and
predominantly retained by a No. 200 (74 micron)
sieve.
•it is also manufactured from large pieces of
aggregates by crushing, grinding, or rolling.
Concrete
• The conglomeration of these materials
producing a solid mass is called Plain
Concrete.
• Concrete in which reinforcement is
embedded in a manner that the two
materials act together in resisting forces is
called Reinforcement Concrete
 Workability of Concrete
Concrete is said to be workable under the following
conditions:
1.Properly proportioned for transport and placed
without segregation. The aggregate particles must be
uniformly distributed.
2.Easily molded into desired shapes and completely fill
the space it is to occupy.
3.Easily finished.
Workability is also describes as:
Consistency – is the degree of wetness or slump
of the concrete mixture. It was varies directly
with the amount in the mixture.
Plasticity – is the ease with which fresh
concrete can be molded or deformed without
segregation.
Mobility – is the capacity of concrete to move
or flow, particularly during vibration.
 Test of
Concrete
Various tests conducted are:
◦Slump Test – this method requires a fabricated
metal with shape and dimensions.
• Compression test – is the process
applied in determining the strength of
concrete.
Mixing
Cement
Centralized Ready-Mix Plant
Concrete of any desirable proportions and quality for
numerous special purposes can be ordered directly from
the ready-mix concrete dealers. The desired types and
quality of concrete is delivered to the project site very
rapidly.
Ready-Mix concrete is mixed by either:
•In Mobile mixers
•In Stationary Mixers
Mobile Mixing – cement
and aggregates are loaded
in a mobile mixer at the
batching plant and then
mixing operation is done
on its way to the job site.
Stationary Mixer
– the concrete is
mixed before it is
loaded inside the
truck mixer where
the concrete is
only agitated.
Hand Mixing – a good
concrete can be
produced also by hand
mixing, provided that
the fine and coarse
aggregates are clean
and well graded.
A good concrete-mix proportions are
as follows:
•½ kilogram of water
•1 kilogram of cement
•2 kilograms of sand
•2 ½ to 3 kilograms of gravel
 Curing of Concrete
Methods applied in curing surface concrete
•Covering the surface with burlap continuously
wet for the period of curing as specified
•Covering the slab with a layer of wet sand or
saw dusts one inch thick.
• Wet straw or hay on top of the slab
continuously watered
• Continuous sprinkling of water on the slab
surface
• Avoid early removal of the forms. This will
permit undue evaporation of moisture in
the concrete
THANK YOU