K A R Q H T E E A U

Is the vibration or shaking of the Earth caused by the

sudden and rapid movement of rock slipping past another
along fractures called faults in Earth’s crust.
https://world-geography-games.com/earth/index.html
 Asthenosphere, zone of Earth's mantle lying
beneath the lithosphere and believed to be much
hotter and more fluid than the lithosphere
TECTONIC PLATES
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
Plate BOUNDARIES
 Let us compare

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 Let us compare
Seismometer Seismograph Seismogram

Internal parts of An instrument

seismograph, used to record Is the recording of
which may be a the motion of the the ground shaking
pendulum or a ground at the specific
mass mounted on location of the
a spring instrument
 Let us compare

Epicenter Hypocenter
or Focus
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused
by the sudden breaking of rock within the
earth or an explosion. They are the energy that
travels through the earth and is recorded on
seismographs
The two main types of waves are body
waves and surface waves. Body waves can
travel through the earth's inner layers, but
surface waves can only move along the
surface of the planet like ripples on water. 
BODY WAVES
PRIMARY WAVES OR P-WAVES
This is the fastest kind of seismic wave, and, consequently, the first to
'arrive' at a seismic station.
The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the
liquid layers of the earth. 
BODY WAVES
SECONDARY WAVES OR S-WAVES
An S wave is slower than a P wave and can only move through solid
rock, not through any liquid medium. 
 SURFACE WAVES
LOVE WAVES
 It's the fastest surface wave and moves the ground from side-to-side.
Confined to the surface of the crust, Love waves produce entirely
horizontal motion.
 SURFACE WAVES
RAYLEIGH WAVES
A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a
lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it moves the ground up and down,
and side-to-side in the same direction that the wave is moving. Most of
the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave, which
can be much larger than the other waves..
 Reading a Seismogram

1.1.We
Weneed
need33Seismograms
Seismograms from 3 different
differentseismic
seismicstations,
stations,
travel
travel
time
time
graph
graph
and and
a map
a map
showing
showing
the locations
the locations
of the of
seismic
the
seismic
stations
stations

2. Record the time difference between the P-waves and the S-

waves
 Reading a Seismogram

3. Plot the Epicentral distance of the seismic station

by using Travel-Time curve

4. Draw a circle within the area gained on Travel-time curve

Reading a Seismogram

1 2 3 4

Arrival of P Arrival of S Epicentral

Station Time difference Time of Origin
wave wave Distance

A 10:30AM 10:34AM 4MINS

 Arrival of P Arrival of S Epicentral
Station Time difference Time of Origin
wave wave Distance

A 10:30AM 10:34AM 4MINS

Reading a Seismogram

P-waves travel time

1 2 3 4

Arrival of P Arrival of S Epicentral

Station Time difference Time of Origin
wave wave Distance

A 10:30AM 10:34AM 4MINS 3000km

5mins 30secs
Reading a Seismogram

P-wave10:30:00
Arrival Time
- 00:05:30
- P-waves travel time
1 2 3 4

Arrival of P Arrival of S Epicentral

Station Time difference Time of Origin
wave wave Distance

A 10:30:00AM 10:34:00AM 4MINS 3000km 10:24:30AM

Triangulation Method
Every color represents 1,000km each

STATION A
STATION B

STATION C

10:28:00AM 10:30:00AM

10:33:00AM 10:40:00AM
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