Teacher: Group 1:

Kien Thi Thuy Linh

Luu Thuy Quyen
Nguyen Thi Yen Nhi
Nguyen Hoang Anh
Le Trung Hieu
 Outline

• Introduction
• Cement
• Silicates
• Asbestos
• Carbon
• Ceramics
• Superconductors
• Zeolite
 Silicon dioxide
• The repeating general structural of rock, sand, dirt,…
• SiO2 can be described as a three-dimensional network
constructed from tetrahedral cells, with four oxygen atoms
surrounding a silicon atom

Figure . Structure of SiO2

 Silicon dioxide
• Two forms:
– Amorphous
– Quartz

Figure . Network of SiO2

 Glass
• Glass is amorphous silicate, usual mixed
impurities to control desire property.
• Glass is transparent.
• Thermal and electric conduction depend on
impurity levels.
• Thermal stable and high hardness.
 Glass
• Glass is made by heating silica sand and powder additives in a
specified manner
• Melting point of SiO2 : 2.000 °C (3.632 °F).
• In processing of Glass, addition of compound to reduce Tm.
• Additives are usual : Na2CO3; K2CO3. CaCO3 to recover
dissoluble of Na2CO3

Form oxides which become

intergrate into the Silicon
structure
 Glass
Why Glass is amorphous ???
• Glass: short- range order & long-range disorder.
• The impurities encourage the glass to cool to an amorphous
structure since the different-size of metal ions

Figure . Structure of Glass

 Glass
• Silica sand 72% Percentage of Ingredients in Glass

• Soda Ash 15%

• Lime 9%
• Other 4% 15%
silica sand
4%
soda ash
9% lime
72% other ingredients

Figure . Ingredient of Soda-lime glass

 Glass

• Mixing and weighting

into proper proportion

• Send to furnaces in
hoppers
– operated by natural gas
– heat the mixture at 1300-
1600 degrees Celsius into
soften or molten state

Figure . Process of manufacture glass

 Glass
• Molding --- molten glass flows to forming machine to mold into
desire shapes

• Annealing --- reheating the glass in an oven

– to ensure even cooling of glass for strengthening of the products

• Cooling process --- Cool for 30 min to an hour for safe to handle.

• Glass products are then decorated, inspected again and finally

packaged and shipped to our customers.
Applications of Glass

Figure . Application of Glass

 Quartz
• Is a kind of silicon crystallizes, a major components of
ingenous rocks
• Three mainly forms- quartz, tridymite,cristobalite. Depend on
temp, it exist in different forms
• Quartz exhibitz an important property called the piezoelectric
effect.

Figure . Quartz
 Quartz
The unit cell of crystal silicon dioxide “+” = Silicon
“-” = Oxygen
-

+ +

- -

By definition: A unit cell is the smallest parallelepiped

(6 sided parallelogram) that will describe the molecule.
 Quartz +++

Unit Cell Under Mechanical + - +

Unit Cell at Rest
Compression (“pushing” force):
Electrical polarity as shown
- - + -
+ +

---
- -

Neutral Charge ---

-
+
Unit Cell Under mechanical +
Tension (“pulling” force): - -
Electrical polarity reverses. +
+++
 Quartz
2 compression forces in
Unit Cell at Rest opposite directions…...

-
+++
-

+ +
+ +

- - - -

+ +
---

Neutral Charge – Not cause electric energy Will also result in electrical energy!
Application of Quartz

Figure . Application of Quartz

 Silicon chips
• 1958,"The Chip" was invented by both Jack
Kilby and Robert Noyce.
• It is an intergrate circuit that is design to
work for an funtion or diferent purpose

Figure . Silicon chips

 Silicon chips

Figure . Process of manufacture Chips

 Silicon chips

Design Wafer:
It is pure silic, purity
above 99,9999%

SiO2 + C Si + CO2
 Silicon chips
• Treat Wafer

Wet process: Clean wafers by

chemical solutions. Ex:APM Oxidation: form
(NH4OH/H2O2/H2O);HPM thin layer of
(HCl/H2O2/H2O) SiO2 ( 1-2nm)

Ion implantation:
Vary the impurities. Photolithography Sputtering
Ex: ion As to form
n+ layer

Anealing Treat surface

 Silicon chips
• Process of manufacture chip is multisteps
• The purity is above 99,9999% or impurity
level is 1ppb