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Ert 312 - Lecture 5
Ert 312 - Lecture 5
Ert 312 - Lecture 5
ERT 312
Lecture 7 – Identification, Evaluation and Control
Identification
Able to identify the hazard from single exposure or
potential combined effects from multiple exposures
Require deep study on the chemical process, operating
conditions and operating procedures
Source of information;
Process design descriptions
Operating instructions
Safety reviews
Equipment specs
Etc.
2
3
4
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Chemical Safety Data Sheets (CSDS)
MSDS lists the physical properties of a substance that may
be required to determine the potential hazards of the
substance
Manufacturer/supplier is responsible to provide the MSDS
to their customers
* Example of MSDS
5
Evaluation
To determine the extent and degree of employee exposure
to toxicants and physical hazards in the workplace
Once exposure data obtained, comparison is being made
to acceptable occupational health standards eg: TLVs,
PELs and IDLH concentrations (page 56)
Then, the decision on proper control measure can be made
accordingly in order to reduce the risk
6
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of a chemical substance is
a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed
day after day for a working lifetime without adverse
health effects
The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL or OSHA PEL)
is a legal limit for exposure of an employee to a substance
or physical agent. For substances it is usually expressed in
parts per million (ppm), or sometimes in milligrams per
cubic metre (mg/m3)
IDLH is an initials for Immediately Dangerous to Life
and Health, and is defined by the NIOSH as exposure to
airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause death or
immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or
prevent escape from such an environment”
7
Table 2.7 – established by ACGIH
8
TLVs units – ppm, mg/m3,
For dust – mg/m3 or mppcf
For vapors, concentration in ppm;
Cppm = 22.4 T 1
( )( )(mg / m )
3
Equation 1
M 273 P
=
T
0.08205( )(mg / m )
3 Equation 2
PM
T (temperature, Kelvin), P (absolute pressure, atm) M (molecular
weight, g/g-mol)
9
Problem 2.7 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
How much acetone liquid (ml) required to produce a
vapor concentration of 200 ppm in a room of dimension 3
x 4 x 10 m?
Given T is 25°C, P is 1 atm, molecular weight is 58.1 and
specific gravity is 0.7899.
10
11
Evaluation Exposure of Organic
Toxicants
The simplest way to determine worker exposures is
through continuous monitoring of the air concentrations.
For computation of continuous concentration data C(t) the
TWA concentration,
1 tw
80
C(t) the concentration of the toxicant in the air, ppm
@ mg/m3
tw the worker shift time in hours
12
Sometimes, continuous monitoring is not feasible.
Therefore, intermittent samples representing worker
exposure at fixed points of time are obtained.
13
Example 3.3 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
Determine the 8-hr TWA worker exposure if the worker is
exposed to toluene vapors as follows;
Duration (h) Concentration (ppm)
2 110
2 330
4 90
Solution:
C1T1 C2T2 ... CnTn
TWA Equation 5
8
Answer: 155 ppm
14
For a case of more than 1 toxicant is present in the
workplace; the combined exposures from multiple
toxicants with different TLV-TWAs is determined by;
n Ci
i 1 (TLV TWA )
If the sum of the equation > 1,
workers are overexposed
i Equation 6
C i
(TLV TWA ) mix i 1
Equation 7
n Ci
i 1 (TLV TWA )
i
16
Example 3.2 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
Air contains 5 ppm of diethylamine (TLV-TWA = 10
ppm), 20 ppm cyclohexanol (TLV-TWA = 50 ppm) and
10 ppm of propylene oxide (TLV-TWA = 20 ppm). What
is the mixture TLV-TWA and has this level been
exceeded?
17
Evaluation of exposure to dusts
Dusts particle size range of 0.2-0.5 µm
Particles > 0.5 µm unable to penetrate the lungs
Particle < 0.2 µm settle out too slowly, most exhaled with
the air
Units: mg/m3 @ mg/mppcf
n
C i
TLV mix i 1
Equation 8
n Ci
i 1 TLV
i
18
Example 3-5 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
Determine the TLV for a uniform mixture of dusts
containing the following particles;
Type of dust Concentration (wt. TLV (mppcf)
%)
Nonasbestiform 70 20
Quartz 30 2.7
Solution:
19
Evaluation of exposure to Noise
Noise levels are measured in decibels (dB)
A dB is a relative logarithmic scale used to compare the
intensities of two sounds. If one sound is at intensity I and
another sound is at intensity Io, then the difference in
intensity levels in dB is given;
20
21
Example 3.6 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
Determine whether the following noise level is
permissible with no additional control features:
85 3.6 No limit
95 3.0 4
22
Solution:
n Ci
(TLV – TWA)mix, noise =
i 1 (TLV TWA )
i
n Ci 3.6 3 0.5
i 1 (TLV TWA )
1.75
i
no limit 4 0.5
QmR gT
C ppm 106
kQ v PM
25
Example 3.7 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
An open toluene container in an enclosure is weighed as a
function of time, and it is determined that the average
evaporation rate is 0.1 g/min. the ventilation rate is 100
ft3/min. the temperature is 80oF and the pressure is 1 atm.
Estimate the concentration of toluene vapor in the
enclosure, and compare your answer to the TLV for
toluene of 50 ppm.
26
Solution
Use equation 9 to solve the problem
From data given; Qm R gT
C ppm 106
Qm 0.1 g/min kQ v PM
Rg 0.7302 ft3.atm/lb-mol.oR
T 80oF = 540oR
Qv 100 ft3/min
M 92 lbm/lb-mol
P 1 atm
k ?
27
Estimating the vaporization rate of a liquid
Qm Qm
Volatile Substances
28
General expression for vaporization rate, Qm (mass/time):
MKA( P p ) sat
Qm Equation 10
Rg TL
M Molecular weight of volatile substance
K mass transfer coefficient (length/time) for an area A
Rg ideal gas constant
TL absolute temperature of the liquid
29
For most cases, Psat >> p;
MKAP sat
Qm Equation 11
RgTL
30
To estimate the concentration of volatile in enclosure
resulting from evaporation of a liquid;
in Equa .9 C ppm 10 6
Equation 12
kQv PTL
Most KAP sat
events, C ppm 10 6
Equation 13
T = TL kQv P
K gas mass transfer coefficient
31
Estimation of K, gas mass transfer coefficient;
K aD 2/3
Equation 14
a constant
D gas-phase diffusion coeeficient
32
To determine the ratio of the mass transfer coefficient
between species K and a reference species Ko;
2/3
K D
K o Do Equation 15
D Mo
Equation 16
Do M
33
Combined equation 15 & 16, simplified;
1/ 3
Mo
K Ko Equation 17
M
34
Example 3.8 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
A large open tank with a 5-ft diameter contains toluene.
Estimate the evaporation rate from this tank assuming a
temperature of 77oF and a pressure of 1 atm. If the
ventilation rate is 3000 ft3/min, estimate the concentration
of toluene in this workplace enclosure.
35
Evaluation of exposure during vessel
filling operations
For this case, volatile emissions are generated from 2
sources:
Evaporation of a liquid, (Qm)1
Displacement of the vapor in the vapor space by the liquid
filling the vessel, (Qm)2
Equation 18
(Qm) = (Qm)1 + (Qm)2
36
Total Source = Evaporation + Displaced Air
Volatile in
Vapor
Evaporation
Liquid
Vessel
37
MKAP sat
(Qm )1 Equation 19
RgTL
(Qm ) 2 rf Vc v Equation 20
38
Hence, the net source term;
Equation 20
MP sat
P sat
kQv P
39
Problem 3.24 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
55-gallon drums are being filled with 2-butoxyethanol.
The drums are being splash-filled at the rate of 30 drums
per hour. The bung opening through which the drums are
being filled has an area of 8 cm2. estimate the ambient
vapor concentration if the ventilation rate is 3000 ft 3/min.
the vapor pressure for 2-butoxyethanol is 0.6 mm Hg
under these conditions.
40
Solution:
41
Appendix A
42
Appendix B
Conversion of Fahrenheit (°F) to Rankine (°R)
1st step TF 32
Convert Fahrenheit to Celcius TC
2nd step 1.8
Convert Celcius to Kelvin T TC 273.15
K
3 step
rd
43