Introduction to 3G-WCDMA

Contents

GSM
Evolution of 3G
General Concepts
Network Elements
Services
HSDPA/HSUPA
Future Trends
GSM
 Development of Mobile
communication
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation
1980s (analog) 1990s (digital) current (digital)

GSM WCDMA
AMPS
FDD
CDMA
TACS IS95 CDMA
Analog to Digital Voice to Broadband
2000
NMT D-
AMPS WCDMA
OTHERS TDD
PDC

AMPS = Advanced Mobile phone service (America)

GSM=Global system for Mobile Communications(Europe,Asia)
TACS=Total Access Communications Systems (UK)
D-AMPS=Digital-AMPS
NMT=Nordic Mobile Telephone (Sweden,Norway,Denmark)
PDC=personal digital cellular (Japan)
ITU –International Telecommunications Union UWCC -Universal Wireless Communications Consortium
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000)  3GPP -3rd Generation Partnership Project
ETSI –European Telecommunications Standards Institute CDG – CDMA Development Group
Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM)
 Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
-Radio transmission and reception.
-Connects to Base Station Controller (BSC).
-Includes Antenna, RF Cables, Transceiver equipment,
Backhaul equipments.
Base Station Controller (BSC)
-Radio resource Management
-Intra BSC Handover control
-Separates Voice and Data
-Connects Voice to MSC and Data to SGSN
 Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM)
Home Location Register(HLR)
• Central database that contains details of each mobile phone
subscriber
Authentication Centre(AuC)
• Function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to
connect to the core network
Visitor Location Register(VLR)
• Temporary database of the subscribers who have roamed
Equipment Identity Register(EIR)
• The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by their
IMEI) 
 Global System for Mobile (GSM)

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

• Responsible for routing voice calls and SMS as well as other
services (such as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched
data).
• Connects calls to Other MSCs and PSTN
• Call switching and mobility management functions
• The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection
• Handles mobility and hand- over requirements during the call
and charging
• Real time pre-paid account monitoring.
• GMSC is the Gateway MSC which connects to other PLMNs
 Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM)

Serving GPRS Support Node(SGSN)

De-tunnel GTP packets from the GGSN (downlink)
Tunnel IP packets toward the GGSN (uplink)
Carry out mobility management as Standby mode mobile
moves from one Routing Area to another Routing Area
Billing user data

Gateway GPRS Support Node(GGSN)

GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN serving the mobile user
subscriber screening
IP Pool management and address mapping
QoS
EVOLUTION OF 3G
 3G Evolution
Evolution towards third generation's global standard since
1985.
In April 1997 ITU asked for proposals for candidate
technologies for IMT-2000.
16 results received, e.g. following:
WCDMA – ETSI (Europe)
WCDMA – ARIB (Japan)
UWC-136 - UWCC
cdma2000 – CDG
3GPP was formed in December 1998 by five major
standardization bodies.
First public network (2002 in Japan) was 3GPP specific.
UWC-136 and cdma2000 are IMT-2000 but not 3GPP
compliant.
ITU –International Telecommunications Union UWCC -Universal Wireless Communications Consortium
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000)  3GPP -3rd Generation Partnership Project
ETSI –European Telecommunications Standards Institute CDG – CDMA Development Group
 Evolution to 3G

2G 2.5G 3G 3G
proposals
GSM WCDMA (ETSI)

PDC WCDMA (ARIB)

IMT-2000
D-AMPS (IS-136) UWC-136 (UWCC)

cdmaOne (IS-95)
cdma2000 (CDG)

IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) 
GENERAL CONCEPTS
 Multiple access techniques

FDMA=Frequency division multiple access

each user sends his own frequency band
TDMA=Time division multiple access
each user sends at his own time slot
CDMA=Code division multiple access
each user sends a signal, which is multiplied by his
own code
 Multiple Access Techniques

CDMA Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
Power code and transmitted over
y the same frequency band,
e nc
Tim
e qu for example, WCDMA and
e Fr CDMA2000
TDMA

Power Traffic channels: different time slots

y are allocated to different users, for
e nc
Tim qu example, DAMPS and GSM
e Fre

FDMA Us User
U Us er
Us serer
er
Us Traffic channels: different frequency bands
Power er are allocated to different users, for example,
y
e nc AMPS and TACS
u
Tim eq
e Fr
 Multiple Access Techniques

Advantage Defect
Defect
FDMA 1. Simple Implementation 1. Frequency Reuse
AMPS, TACS 2. privacy

TDMA 1.Privacy 1. Need synchronized

frame
GSM, PDC

CDMA 1. Reduction the interference 1. Sophisticated power

control for mobile
IS95, 2. Diversity Hand-over
W-CDMA
3. Privacy
 Multiple Access Techniques

FDMA/TDMA CDMA
ｆｆ１6 ｆ１
ｆ 67 ｆ 4 ｆ1 ｆ1
ｆ 75 ｆ 2 ｆ 7 ｆｆ 17 ｆｆ１2 ｆ1
ｆ１ ｆ 3 ｆ 5 ｆ 2 ｆ1 ｆ1 ｆｆ 15 ｆ1
ｆ 6 ｆ１ ｆ1 ｆ1 ｆ1
ｆ 3
ｆ 7 ｆ 4 ｆ 6 ｆ１ ｆ1 ｆｆ 14 ｆｆ 16 ｆ1
ｆ 2 ｆ 7 ｆ 4 ｆ1 ｆｆ 17 ｆ1
ｆ 5 ｆ 2 ｆ1 ｆ1
ｆ1
ｆ 3

Frequency is different in each Frequency is same.

sector.

Need for No need for frequency

plan
frequency plan (Frequency Reuse)
Reuse
 FDD and TDD
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)
o r U p Link
f 1: f

ow n Link
D
f 2: for

Mobile Terminal (UE) Base station (Node B)

TDD (Time Division Duplex)

o w n Link
U p&D
f 1: for

TS TS
Up Down
Mobile Terminal (UE) Base station (Node B)

TS: Time slot

 Bits, Symbols, Chips

In GSM system, each bit is represented by one pulse

In CDMA, it takes several pulses to send one data bit
Those pulses are called chips
The number of chips per symbol is called spreading factor
Because the duration of one chip is very short, CDMA
system requires more bandwidth
One the other hand, several users can use the same band
simultaneously. Also neighboring base stations can use the
same band.
 Bits, Symbols, Chips

User bit rate e.g. 64 kbits/s

Convolution coding (R=1/3) => 192 kbits/s ( = 3 x 64 )
Channel coding => 240 kbits/s
QPSK Symbol = 2 bits (I bit & Q bit) sent simultaneously =>
Symbol rate 120 ksym/s ( = 240 / 2 )

Chip rate = 3.84 Mchips per second

Spreading factor = Chip rate / Symbol rate = 3840/120 = 32

QPSK – Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

 Direct Spread CDMA
Wide Band
Narrow Band
Narrow Band Signal Signal
Signal Spreading (Multiple Signal) De-spreading
Code 1 Code 1
(Receiver A)
A A
C
B
User-A A User-A
Code 2 Code 2
(Receiver B)
B B
De-spreading
Code
User-B User-B
Code 3 Code 3
(Receiver C)

C C

User-C User-C
 Spreading process in WCDMA

64Kbps 120Ksps 3,840 Kcps 3,840 Kcps


Coding
Coding
&
&
Interleaving
Interleaving

Channelization Scrambling
Code Code
1st Step: Channelization
 Variable Rate Spreading ( According to user data rate)
 Different codes for each user channel

2nd Step: Scrambling Code

 Fixed Rate Spreading (3,840 Kchips)
 Different codes for each Node B
 Spreading process in WCDMA

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor [OVSF] codes are the

channelization codes used for signal spreading in the
uplink and downlink
 Spreading process in WCDMA
Downlink (NodeB to UE )
 Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector).
 Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell (Sector).
Scrambling Code A

Scrambling Code B
Channelization Channelization
Channelization Code 2 Code 3
Code 1
Channelization
Code 1 Channelization
Code 2
Channelization
Code 1 Channelization Scrambling Code C
Code 2
 Spreading process in WCDMA
Up Link (UE to NodeB )
Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal.

Channelization Code: Identifies channels in user terminal.

Channelization
Code 2
Scrambling Code A
Scrambling Code B
Channelization
Channelization
Code 1
Code 1

Channelization
Code 1

Scrambling Code C
 Spreading process in WCDMA

The code used for scrambling of the uplink Channels may be of

either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink
scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher
layers.
For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling
codes can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, …, 8191
are used.
In the downlink direction 512 of scrambling codes are used to
identify the cells in the downlink so downlink planning is required
 Rake Receiver

C B A

A B C

Rake A B C
 Rake receiver

Finger
FingerCircuit
Circuit
RX Finger Combiner
FingerCircuit
Circuit Combiner
Combined
Signal
Finger
FingerCircuit
Circuit
Calculation
Searcher
Searcher Calculation

Electric Electric Power Output Power

Power
Multiple Signal 1
Multiple Signal 2
Multiple Signal 3

Delay Time
Delay Time
Delay Profile
 WCDMA handover types

Soft Handover

UE is connected simultaneously to more than one base station (up to 3 sectors) using
the same frequency
 The UE receives the downlink transmissions of two or more base stations. For this
purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each received signal.
 in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received from both
base stations, but the received data is then routed to the RNC for combining
 The RNC selects the better frame between the two possible candidates based on
frame reliability indicator
 WCDMA handover types

Softer Handover

UE is connected simultaneously to two sectors of one base station using the

same frequency
 The UE receives the downlink transmissions the two sectors. For this
purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each received
signal.
 in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received
in each sector, then routed to the same baseband Rake receiver and the
maximal ratio combined there in the usual way.
 WCDMA handover types

Hard Handover

The UE stops transmission on one frequency before it moves to another

frequency and starts transmitting again
 During Hard Handover the used radio frequency (RF) of the UE changes
 W-CDMA (IMT-DS) Specification
Multiple access method DS-CDMA (DS: Direct Spread)
FDD/TDD (Frequency Division Duplex/Time
Duplexing method Division Duplex)
Inter-cell synchronization Asynchronous
Bandwidth 5 MHZ
Chip rate 3.84 Mcps
Carrier spacing Flexible with 100/200kHz carrier raster
Frame length Unit 10 ms
Data modulation Downlink: QPSK, Uplink: BPSK
Multi-rate concept Variable spreading factor and/or multi-code
Maximum data rate 2 Mbps (indoor)/384 kbps (mobile)
Convolutional coding (R=1/3)
Channel coding Turbo code for High data rate

BPSK: Binary phase shift keying QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying
 UMTS FDD frequency allocations
Operating Band UL Frequencies DL frequencies
UE transmit, Node B receive UE receive, Node B transmit

I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz

II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz

III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz

IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz
V 824 – 849 MHz 869-894 MHz

VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz

Operating Band TX-RX frequency separation

I 190 MHz
II 80 MHz.
III 95 MHz.
IV 400 MHz
V 45 MHz
VI 45 MHz
 Spectrum Bands

GSM 1800 GSM 1800 IMT-2000 Uplink IMT-2000 Downlink

Uplink Downlink 60 MHz 60 MHz
75 MHz 75 MHz

1710 1785 1805 1880 1920 1980 2110 2170

1850 1910 1930 1990

1700 1800 1900 2000 2100

PCS-1900 Uplink PCS-1900 Downlink

60 MHz 60 MHz
NETWORK ELEMENTS
NETWORK ELEMENTS
 NETWORK ELEMENTS

Node-B
-It is the Base Transceiver Station for UMTS
-Controlled by RNC
-Transmit Pilot Frequency

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

-Outer Loop Power Control
-Load control
-Admission Control
-Packet scheduling
-Handover control
-Macro diversity combining
-Security functions
-Mobility Management
3GPP R4 Network Architecture
 NETWORK ELEMENTS

Media Gate Way (MGW)

Enable multimedia communications
Conversion between different transmission
and coding techniques
Media streaming functions such as 
echo cancellation, DTMF, and tone sender
HSDPA/HSUPA
 HSDPA
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
This is a 3GPP Release.5 feature
3.6 Mbps DL rate for Category-6 mobile,
14.4Mbps for Cat-10 Mobile
Technology
High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)
Fast packet scheduling
Adaptive modulation and coding
Fast cell selection
HSDPA
 HSUPA

High Speed Uplink Packet Access(HSUPA)

• It is 3GPP Release 6 feature
• up-link speeds up to 5.76 Mbps in Category 6 and
2Mbps in Category 5 mobiles
•  Also called Enhanced Uplink (EUL)
HSDPA/HSUPA EVOLUTION
SERVICES
 UMTS services

Conversational Services
 Speech service:
Real time conversational service require the low time delay
from end to end , and the uplink and the downlink service
bandwidth is symmetrical .
Adopt AMR ( adaptive multi rate ) technique (WCDMA).
– 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75kbps.
– The bit rate of AMR voice can be controlled by the Radio
Access Network according to the payload of air interface
and the quality of voice service .
 Video phone
The requirement of time delay is similar to the voice service
The CS connection :adopt ITU-T Rec.H.324M (AMR-H.263)
The PS connection :adopt IETF SIP or H.323
 UMTS services

Streaming Services
 (eg. Telemetry (monitoring) , Audio and Video
streaming like Mobile TV)
Interactive Services
 (eg. Web browsing , and online games )
Background Services
 (eg. Email , Fax , and SMS )
UMTS services
 UMTS services

        Video calling

  

         Internet connectivity
         Mobile email
         Multimedia services such as sharing
of digital photos and movies
         Videos and music downloads
         Real-time multiplayer gaming
 UMTS services

Video Call Mobile TV Video Streaming

Online Games Fast Downloads

 UMTS services

3G Devices

USB Modem Express Card Modem Smart Phones

FUTURE TRENDS
 Future Trends
3GPP Road Map
Release 1999
-Evolution from GSM to UMTS [3G]
-64Kbps CS,384Kbps DL
-Location based services

Release 4
-Improved Location based services
-IP Multimedia Services
Release 5
-HSDPA(14Mbps DL [3.5G]
IP Multimedia Subsystem(IMS), IPv6
 Future Trends
Release 6
-HSUPA(5.7Mbps UL)
-Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast
Release 7
-HSPA+(56Mbps DL,22Mbps UL) [3.75G]
Uses 2x2 MIMO and 64QAM modulation
-LTE(326.4 Mbps DL,86Mbps UL) [3.9G]
Uses OFDMA, MIMO, Flexible Bandwidth
Mobility of user upto 500Km/hour
-VoIP over HSPA
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output LTE Long Term Evolution
OFDMA Orthoganal Frequency Division Multiple Access
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 Future Trends

Release 8
-LTE Advanced(5 Gbit/s DL) [4G]
uses 4x4 MIMO with 64QAM
Release 9
-Improvements in IMS
Release 10
-Seamless Handover between all Access
Technologies like GSM,UMTS,LTE etc
 Future Trends
3GPP2 Specifications
2G
CdmaOne (IS-95)
2.75G
CDMA2000 (IS-2000)

3G
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856) 1Mbps DL

3.5G
EV-DO Rev.A (3.6Mbps DL), EV-DO Rev.B (14Mbps DL)

EVDO Evolution Data Optimized

 Future Trends

Other Specifications
3.5G
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) 
 Flash-OFDM 
 IEEE 802.20

4G
IEEE 802.16m

WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

FLASH-OFDM Fast Low-latency Access with Seamless Handoff Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing 
Thank U