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Sampling Distributions and The Central Limit Theorem: © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved
Sampling Distributions and The Central Limit Theorem: © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved
8-2
The sampling distribution of a statistic is a
probability distribution for all possible values
of the statistic computed from a sample of size
n.
Thexsampling distribution of the sample mean
is the probability distribution
x of
all possible values of the random variable
computed from a sample of size n from a
population with mean and standard
deviation .
8-3
Parallel Example 1: Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Mean-Normal Population
8-4
The data on the following slide represent the
sample means for the 200 simple random samples
of size n = 5.
For example, the first sample of n = 5 had the
following data:
8-6
The mean of the 200 sample means is 2.46, the
same as the mean of the population.
The standard deviation of the sample means is
0.0086, which is smaller than the standard
deviation of the population.
The next slide shows the histogram of the
sample means.
8-7
8-8
What role does n, the sample size, play in the
standard deviation of the distribution of the
sample mean?
8-9
What
Whatrole
roledoes
doesn,n,the
thesample
samplesize,
size,play
playininthe
the
standard
standarddeviation
deviationofofthe
thedistribution
distributionofofthe
the
sample
samplemean?
mean?
As the size of the sample gets larger, we do not
expect as much spread in the sample means
since larger observations will offset smaller
observations.
8-10
Parallel Example 2: The Impact of Sample Size on Sampling
Variability
8-11
The mean of the 200 sample means for n =20 is still 2.46, but the
standard deviation is now 0.0045 (0.0086 for n = 5).
As expected, there is less variability in the distribution
of the sample mean with n =20 than with n =5.
8-12
The Mean and Standard Deviation of the
Sampling Distribution of x
8-13
The Shape of the Sampling
Distribution of x If X is Normal
8-14
Parallel Example 3: Describing the Distribution of the
Sample Mean
8-15
Parallel Example 3: Describing the Distribution of the
Sample Mean
8-16
Solution
0.02
• x is normally distributed with x =2.46 and x 0.0063
.
10
2.4652.46
• Z 0.79
.
0.0063
• P(Z>0.79)=1-0.7852
=0.2148.
8-17
Parallel Example 4: Sampling from a Population that is Not
Normal
=3.5, =1.708
Note that the population distribution is NOT normal
8-18
Estimate the sampling distribution of x by obtaining
200 simple random samples of size n=4 and
calculating the sample mean for each of the 200
samples. Repeat for n = 10 and 30.
distribution of the sample
Histograms of the sampling
mean for each sample size are given on the next
slide.
8-19
8-20
8-21
8-22
Key Points from Example 4
8-23
Parallel Example 5: Using the Central Limit Theorem
Suppose that the mean time for an oil change at a “10-minute
oil change joint” is 11.4 minutes with a standard deviation
of 3.2 minutes.
(a) If a random sample of n = 35 oil changes is selected,
describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
8-24
Parallel Example 5: Using the Central Limit Theorem
Suppose that the mean time for an oil change at a “10-minute
oil change joint” is 11.4 minutes with a standard deviation
of 3.2 minutes.
(a) If a random sample of n = 35 oil changes is selected,
describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
8-27
Parallel Example 1: Computing a Sample Proportion
InInaaQuinnipiac
QuinnipiacUniversity
UniversityPoll
Pollconducted
conductedininMay
Mayofof
2008,
2008,1,745
1,745registered
registeredvoters
votersnationwide
nationwidewere
were
asked
askedwhether
whetherthey
theyapproved
approvedofofthe
theway
wayGeorge
George
W.
W.Bush
Bushisishandling
handlingthe
theeconomy.
economy. 349349responded
responded
“yes”.
“yes”. Obtain
Obtainaapoint
pointestimate
estimatefor
forthe
theproportion
proportion
ofofregistered
registeredvoters
voterswho
whoapprove
approveofofthe
theway
way
George
GeorgeW. W.Bush
Bushisishandling
handlingthe
theeconomy.
economy.
Solution: 349
pˆ 0.2
1745
8-28
Parallel Example 2: Using Simulation to Describe the
Distribution of the Sample Proportion
8-29
8-30
8-31
8-32
Key Points from Example 2
8-33
Sampling Distribution of pˆ
8-34
Sampling Distribution of pˆ