Signal Spectrum

 
x t   F 1
 X  f    X  f  e j t
df X  f   F x t    x t  e  jt dt


x1  t   real   x1  t   X1 f    X1  f 

 

X 1  f   symmetric  X 1   f 
arg X 1  f    anti symmetric   arg X 1   f  

y 2  t   x 2  t  12   x 2  t  delayed by 12 Y2  f   e  j12 X 2  f 

 t 
y 3  t   x3    x3  t  expanded 13 times Y3  f   13 X 3 13 f 
 13 

y4  t  
d
x4  t  Y4  f   jX 4  f 
dt
Signal Spectrum

e 15t , t  0 1
x5  t   e 15t
u t    X5 f  
15  j
0, elsewhere
e 15t
 
0 t

sin  f 
x6  t   rect  t  X6 f    sinc f 
 f  1
1

 0.5 0 .5 t
1 1 f

x7  t   sinc t  X 7  f   rect f 
1
1
t  0.5 0 .5 f
1 1
Signal Spectrum

 t Area 1 F  t    1

Area 1 1 1

0 t 0 0 t f

F 1   f   1  e j 2 0t  f  Area 1
1
0 f
t

F 1   f  3   e j 2 3t   f  3 Area 1

3 f

1
1 3
1
3
3 0 3 6 t 0 f

   
cos e jt t   t  4   cos e j 4 4   t  4
Signal Spectrum

x1  t  y1  t   x1  t  * h1  t  X1 f  Y1  f   X 1  f  H 1  f 
h1  t   H1  f 
  x1  t ' h1  t  t ' dt '


x2  t  y 2  t   x 2  t  h2  t  Y2  f   X 2  f   H 2  f 

  X 2  f ' H 2  f  f ' df '

h2  t 

x3  t  *   t  13  x3  t  13 X 3  f  F  t  13   X 3  f  e  j13

1 t 1 t 3 
2

2
rect   rect 
2 sinc  3 f  
3 2 3  
1 1 3
2  2  22

 1.5 1.5 t  1.5 1.5 t 3 3 t

Signal Spectrum

X f  X1 f 
x t  x1  t 
 
2 0 2 t 0 0. 5 f
1 1  1 
x t     x1  t  2  x1  t   x1  t  2   X f     X  0    f   X 
1   f    
2  
1
2  2 

xs  t  Xs f  X2 f 
x2  t 
 

0 0. 5 t 2 0 2 f

1  1
x s  t     x 2  0  t   x 2    t     X s  f   2  X 2  f   X 2  f  2   
2  2
Time Domain Frequency Domain

Energy   X  f  df
 2
Energy   x t  dt
2



X  f   Energy spectrum
2


Power  Mean square  rms  x t  Power   Pxx  f  df
2 2


Power 2e  j  3t  4 
 5e j  6t 7 
2 2
5 2
Power from 11 to 13 Hz   Pxx  f  df
13

11

 p 
8 dB Power  8  10 log10  
 p reference 

Power spectrum  Pxx  f   X  f 

2
Autocorrelation   xx    x  t  x t    *

 WhiteNoise   2   PWhiteNoise   2

 x  t   4 e j  2 5 t  6   4 2 e j 2 5 Px  t   4 e j  2 5 t  6   4 2   f  5
Time Domain Frequency Domain

 
x a  t    X a  f  e j 2ft df X a  f    x a  t  e  j 2ft dt
 


A/D 1 Hz X f    x n  e  j 2fn

n  

    x n  z

j n
x n   , x a  0  , x a 1 , x a  2 ,  X ze
 n   z  e j
n 0

k
X  k   k th spectral component at Hz
DFT10  periodic assumption  10
9  k 
 j 2   n
  x n  e  10 

n 0

Design Considerat ions :

 Frequency scaling  Spectral distortion or aliasing  Windowing

 Time and frequency resolution  Spectral smoothing

 FFT  0.5 N log 2 N complexity   Zero padding

 a0
x n  
y n
 u n
b1 z 1
a1

u  n  1
b2 z 1
a2

u  n  2

y  n   a0 u  n   a1u  n  1  a 2 u  n  2
u  n   x n   b1u  n  1  b2 u  n  2
Y  z   a 0  a1 z  a 2 z
1 2
repeat
x  current input x n 
u 0  x  b1 u 1  b 2  u 2
y  a 0  u 0  a 1 u1  a 2  u 2

H  z 
X  z 1  b1 z 1  b2 z  2 y  output
u 2  u1

H f   H z  e j
 u1  u 0
until shutdown
Problem Solution

Antenna size too large Modulate signal to shift its spectrum up

Conventional AM with envelope detection Waste bandwidth & power

Reduce bandwidth & power QAM, Single sideband with

coherent demodulati on

Coherent demodulati on Add pilots to reconstruct carrier

FM

Better performanc e  harder to change carrier freq at higher bandwidth

x FM  t   a cos i  t    a cos 2f c t  2k c  x message  t ' dt '

 t

  

1 d
fi t    t
2 dt