GEOGRAPHICAL

INFORMATION SYSTEM
 GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM

An organized collection of computer hardware,

software, Geographical data and personnel
designed to efficiently capture, store, update,
manipulate, analyze & display all forms of
Geographically referenced information
 What is a GIS?
Geographic Information System
• “There are as many definitions as there are
disciplines using a GIS”
(Huxhold, 1991)
 WHAT IS A GIS ?
GEOGRAPHIC implies that locations of the data items are known, or can
be calculated, in terms of Geographic coordinates (Latitude, Longitude)

INFORMATION implies that the data in a GIS are organized to yield

useful knowledge, often as coloured maps and images, but also as
statistical graphics, tables, and various on-screen responses to
interactive queries.

SYSTEM implies that a GIS is made up from several inter-related and

linked components with different functions. Thus, GIS have functional
capabilities for data capture, input, manipulation, transformation,
visualization, combinations, query, analysis, modelling and output.
 What is a GIS?
A GIS is a database management system for
spatially distributed features and the
associated attributes.
• Spatial data capture
• Management
• Analysis
• Display
• Decision making
• Research
 KEY COMPONENTS OF GIS

Hardware&Software
COMPUTER Capture, Storage, processing
SYSTEM Analysis, Display etc.,

GEOSPATIAL USERS
DATA

Maps, Aerial photographs, Satellite Design of Standards, Updating,

Images, Statistic Tables etc, Analysis and Implementations
 INTRODUCTION
*MAP
A map represents geographic features or other spatial
phenomena by graphically conveying information about
locations and attributes
*CARTOGRAPHY
-- art and science of map making
*COMPUTERISED CARTOGRAPHY
-- performing cartographic functions by means computer
hardware and software
Computer Assisted Mapping

•Map(graphic) information * only graphic data is available

and retrieval * networks are not defined.
•Map publication * spatial relationship not defined
 PERSONNEL

VIEWERS USERS DOERS

ROLE OF LOCATION - ORGANISATION

 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS

WHAT IS IT….? JFM AREA

(LOCATIONS)

WHERE IS IT ….?
WITHIN THE
(CONDITIONS) FOREST BLOCK
(X,Y
)
HOW HAS IT IMPROVEMENT IN
CHANGED …? FOREST GROWTH
(TRENDS) IN FIVE YEARS

WHICH DATA ARE NEAREST

RELATED ….? JFM VILLAGE
(PATTERNS)

WHAT IF….? FINDING SOLUTIONS TO

(MODELS) THE FORTH QUESTIONS
DATA
SPATIAL DATA

ATTRIBUTE DATA
 Raster
SPATIAL DATA
Vector

DATA MODEL AND STRUCTURE

RASTER MODEL VECTOR MODEL

 ADVANTAGES OF VECTOR MODEL
• PRECISE EXPRESSION
• LESS DATA VOLUME
• FULL TOPOLOGY
• FAST RETRIEVAL
• FAST CONVERSION
DISADVANTAGES OF VECTOR MODEL
• COMPLICATED STRUCTURE
• DIFFICULTY IN OVERLAY
• DIFFICULTY IN UPDATING
• EXPENSIVE DATA CAPTURE
ADVANTAGES OF RASTER MODEL
• SIMPLE DATA STRUCTURE
• EASY FOR OVERLAY AND
MODELLING
• SUITABLE FOR 3D DISPLAY
• INTEGRATION OF IMAGE DATA
• AUTOMATED DATA CAPTURE
DISADVANTAGES OF RASTER MODEL
• LARGE DATA VOLUME
• LOW PRECISION
• DIFFICULTY IN NETWORK
ANAYLYSIS
• SLOW CONVERSION
 What Data is in Your GIS?

• What features do you map?

• What attributes do you need to collect data
on?
• What attribute values can you give the
attribute?
 Point Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities or
events
• Points have a single geographic coordinate
such as:
– Tree
– Traffic accident
– Lamp post
 Line Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities or
events
• Lines (Arcs) are a series of geographic
coordinates joined to form a line such as:
– Road
– Stream
– Railway
 Area Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities or
events
• Areas (Polygons) are a series of geographic
coordinates joined together to form a
boundary such as:
– Lake
– Soil types
 Automated Mapping/Facility Management

Graphic files Non-graphic files

2 2. Dulapally beat
3
4 Sift Dulapally
ID Number
ned
e fi
t d
n o
h ip
ns
Network defined
tio
by preserving intersection
e la
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t ia
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S
 Attribute data
Attributes can be numeric or alfanumeric
data that is assigned to a point, line or
area spatial features
Example Attributes…
Stand ID, Compartment no,Vegetation
type, Name of the Forest Block,Type of
Road,VSS code etc.,
 Data Capture Sources
• Digitizing from paper maps
• Scanning
• Traditional surveying techniques
• Paper records & field notes
• Photogrammetry
• Remote sensing
• GPS
 GIS Data Storage
There are two main types of data in a GIS
database
• Cartographic - observations on spatially
distributed features, activities, or events,
which are definable as:
– Points
– Lines (Arcs)
– Areas (Polygons)
 GIS Data Storage
• Non-Cartographic - descriptive information
in a database about the cartographic
features located on a map.
– Attributes
– Attribute Values
 Attributes
Description or characteristic of a feature
• Possible attributes for the feature Tree
– Height
– Diameter
– Species
– Condition
– Age
 Attribute Values
The value given to an attribute
• Possible values for the attributes of a Tree
feature
– Height = 15m
– Diameter = 0.75m
– Species= Oak
– Condition = Good
– Age = 8 years
DATA STRUCTURES - POINT, LINE, POLYGON, THEME

PERSONNEL - VIEWERS, USERS, DOERS

ROLE OF LOCATION - ORGANISATION

DATA COLLECTION - SOURCES OF DATA - CONVERSION

TO DIGITAL FORMAT, PROCESSING,STORAGE, UPDATION

ANALYSIS - OVERLAY, BUFFER, DISSOLVE, LINKING WITH

RDBMS

CODING - NEED FOR CODE - LOGISTICS IN CODING

OUTPUTS - HARD COPIES, SOFTWARES, MODELS

ADVANTAGES OF GIS
 Type of Errors

• Dangle Node
• Undershoot
• Overshoot
• Missing Labels
• Duplicate labels
• Pseudo nodes
• Unclosed polygon
• Incorrect user ID to the features
 Types of Attribute Values
There are a number of different types of
attribute values
Feature Attribute Attribute Values
Character Pole Pole ID ABC123
Numeric Pole Height 15m
Menu Pole Condition Good
Average
Poor
Date Pole Date User generated
Auto generated
Time Pole Time User generated
Auto generated
 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS

• DATA AQUISITION AND

PREPROCESSING

DIGITIZING EDITING

TOPOLOGY BUILDING

PROJECTION ATTRIBUTION
 TOPOLOGY
• Topology mathematical representation of
geographic features(arcs, nodes, polygons and
points)
• When topology is built,it creates spatial
relationship among the features
• Topology can be very important for certain
types of analysis.
 TOPOLOGIC DATA ELEMENTS

Node

Line (Arc)

Area(polygon)

Nodes: defines beginning and end of the line

Line: defines roads,utilities,boundaries,etc.,
Areas: administrative boundaries, forest block,JFM areas,lakes
s is Su
al y pp
an ort
l sm
pa tia ap
ts s pu
or Supports network analysis bli
pp cat
Su ion
 CODING

NEED FOR CODE

LOGISTICS IN CODING

DDRB_CODE COMPT_CODE JFM_CODE

 GEOREFERENCING/GEOCODING SPATIAL DATA

PROJECTION
Transforming three-dimensional space onto a two-demensional
map is called ‘projection’ or
Projection is a mathematical expression which convert data from
a geographical location(lat & long) on sphere or spheroid to a
representative location on a flat surface.

This much earth surface

has to fit onto this much Projection Plane
map surface

*Conformal projections
*Equal-area projections
*Equidistant projections
 WHY GIS ?
• To inventory and monitor resources
• To test the sensitivity of our analysis
assumptions
• To simulate potential impacts of
management alternatives
• To make the map the 2nd time, the 50th
time, the 100th time...
 Uses of a GIS
• Mapping geographical characteristics for
analysis
• Modeling alternative processes
for management plans
• Managing a utility’s assets
• Monitoring changes in environmental
factors
 Integration of Data
GIS data
• A GIS allows integration of data collected:
– At different times
– At different scales
– Using various methods of capture
 GIS Data Analysis
• A GIS identifies relationships among
features in the database
• Provide answers to queries that are spatial
(geographic)
THEMATIC OVERLAY

1. TOPOGRAPHY
2. BOUNDARIES
3. VEGETATION
4. ROADS
5. RIVERS
6. SOILS
 Query and Analysis
Data Query Output
BAMBOO 3
Veg_type -
Area feature MISC
TEAK 4 5
MT
Identify areas
where density
Density map is lt 0.2 within
1 2 3
1-dense 5km from the
2-open 3 1 center of the
4 -Potential are available for
3-scrub 4 2 village
4-blanks jfm

Village 1 3 - 3 Village locations with

2
Buffer 5km 4 density-type classes
5
Report
6
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT AND
RETRIEVAL

DATABASE: COLLECTION OF INFORMATION ABOUT THINGS AND

THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO EACH OTHER

DBMS : A SET OF PROGRAMS THAT IS DESIGNED TO MANIPULATE

MAINTAIN DATA IN A DATABSE

HIERARCHICAL MODELING

NETWORK MODELING

RELATIONAL MODELING

ATTRIBUTE QUERRY
 Hierarchical modeling MAP M
UNIVERSITY 2 b 3e 5
I c II f
a
DEPARTMENT
4 g 6
1 d

STUDENTS PROFESSORS

REGISTRATION COURSES Network linkages

M
I II
M
a b c d e f g
I II
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1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 3 4 3 5 5 6 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
 ADVANTAGES OF GIS IN SIMPLE TERMS

• Though collection of data is difficult once it is collected, it can be stored safely in

digital form (in computer) forever without damage, which usually happens to our
maps.
• Once if a map is prepared accurately it can be printed in any scale without any
redrawing.
• Large scale maps at smaller units (Beats) level can be joined for creating maps at
divisions or district level, very accurately within few minutes.
• Changes can be incorporated very easily in computer and it doesn’t require any
redrawing.
• Same map can be generated even after 100s of years later.
• New things can be known after overlay of different themes and a new types of
maps can be generated.
• Work can be done faster than manually.
• The work of decision makers and end users will become easier.