DEFINITION:

IS THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING

A TEMPERATURE OF A SPACE LOWER THAN THAT OF
SURROUNDING BY THE REMOVAL OF HEAT.
High Temperature
Reservoir

Heat Rejected

R Work
Input

Heat Absorbed
Low Temperature
Reservoir
UNIT OF REFRIGERATION
The unit of refrigeration is Tonnes of Refrigeration.
It is the amount of heat removed from 1 ton (1000 kg) of
pure water supplied at 00C to form at 00C in 24 hours.
This heat is the latent heat of pure water (334.5 X 1000
kJ/day).

1 TR = 334.5 X 1000 /24 = 14000 KJ/hr

= 233 KJ/min

= 3.889 KW
Co-efficient of Performance:
It is the ratio of net refrigerating effect to the work
required to produce that effect.

Refrigeration effect (or) T2

COP = ---------------------------------------------------------------
Work Required (OR) ( T1 – T2)
Where,
T2 = Sink Temperature
T1= Source Temperature
Heat and Work Interactions in refrigeration systems
Applications of Refrigeration:
Food and milk Preservations
Ice Formation
Comfort and industrial air conditioning
Storage of liquid fuels in rockets
Treatment of metals in processing
industries.
Processing of Beverages and Transportation
of food below freezing.
Medical and surgical aids especially in
preserving human bloods and tissues.
Refrigerant:
is the working substance in Refrigeration systems
Properties of ideal Refrigerant:

It should have low boiling point and low freezing point.

It must have low specific heat and high latent heat
It should have high thermal conductivity to reduce the heat transfer in
evaporator and condenser.
It should have low specific volume to reduce the size of the compressor.
It should be non- flammable, non- explosive, non- toxic, and non- corrosive .
It should have high critical pressure and temperature to avoid large power
requirements
It should give high COP to reduce the running cost of the system.
It must be cheap and must be readily available.

Refrigerant are Ammonia, Sulpher-di-Oxide, Freon -11, Freon -12,

Carbon-di-Oxide, etc.,
R12 = CCl2F2 = Dichloro –Diflouro Methane
R22 = CHCl2F2 = Dichloro – Diflouro Methane
Types of Refrigeration cycles:

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Vapour absorption Refrigeration cycle

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

3
Condenser
High
4 Pressure
Side
Expansion
Device Compressor

1 2 Low
Pressure
Evaporator Side
T – S diagram for Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Schematic diagram and T-S Cycle
P-H diagram for VCR
systems
Vapour Compression Refrigeration system:

The refrigerant undergoes a change of phase

from vapour to liquid and liquid to vapour
during the cycle.

In condenser, the latent heat of refrigerant

is removed which is used for absorbing the heat
from the cold body in the evaporator, and hence
the constant temperature would be maintained.
Vapour compression Refrigeration System:
IT CONSISTS OF
1. Compressor
Compresses the refrigerant to high pressure and temperature from
low pressure and temperature.
2. Condenser
The latent heat of refrigerant is removed by circulating water or
atmospheric air.
3. Expansion Valve
In the throttle valve where the pressure is reduced at a controlled
rate.
4. Evaporator
A liquid-Vapour mixture refrigerant then enters the evaporator at low
pressure where the latent heat of evaporation is converted into
vapour and the cycle repeats.
Determination of COP:

Assumptions made for drawing T-S and P-h Diagram:

1. The refrigerant leaving the evaporator is dry and saturated.

2. The compression of vapour in the evaporator is isentropic.
3. There is no sub cooling of the refrigerant in the condenser.
4. There is no pressure losses in the system.

Conditions of vapour at the end of compression:

There are three different conditions at which the refrigerant from the
compressor.
a. Vapour is dry and saturated.
b. Vapour is wet condition.
c. Vapour is superheated condition.
 a. Vapour is dry and saturated condition:
Process 1-2 – Adiabatic compression
Process 2-3 - Constant pressure condensation
Process 3-4 - Throttling
Process 4-1 - Constant pressure evaporation.
Determination of COP:
Condenser COP = RE/WD
T 3 2
Compression
Where,
Throttling
work
RE = Refrigeration Effect
4 Evaporator 1 = h1 – h4
WD = Work done = h1 – h2
Therefore,
COP = (h1 – h4)/(h1 – h2)
= (h1 – h3)/(h1 – h2)
S
 b. Vapour being Wet condition: Determination of COP:
Process 1-2 – Adiabatic compression
Process 2-3 - Constant pressure condensation COP = RE/WD
Process 3-4 - Throttling Where,
Process 4-1 - Constant pressure evaporation.
RE = Refrigeration Effect

Condenser = h1 – h4
3 2
T WD = Work done = h1 – h2
Compression
Throttling work Therefore,
4Evaporator1 COP = (h1 – h4)/(h1 – h2)
= (h1 – h3)/(h1 – h2)
Where,
h2 = hf2+X2 hfg2 , also,
h4 = h3 (Since throttling
S process)
 c. Vapour being Super heated condition:
Process 1-2 – Adiabatic compression Determination of COP:
Process 2-3 - Constant pressure condensation COP = RE/WD
Process 3-4 - Throttling
Where,
Process 4-1 - Constant pressure evaporation.
RE = Refrigeration Effect
2
T 3 Condenser = h1 – h 4
Compression
WD = Work done = h1 – h2
Throttling work

Therefore,
4 Evaporator 1 COP = (h1 – h4)/(h1 – h2)
= (h1 – h3)/(h1 – h2)
Where,
h2 = hg2 + Cp ln (Tsup – Tsat)
S
h4 = h3 (Since throttling
process)
Advantages of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System:
1. COP is better due to constant temperature
2. NO expander is present
3. Heat transfer coefficient is high.
4. Same refrigerant can be used again and again.

Sub-cooling effect:
When a liquid is cooled below its saturation temperature at
the given pressure, the liquid is said to be sub-cooled or
under-cooled.
The difference between the saturation temperature and sub-
cooling temperature at that pressure is called degree of sub-
cooling.
This is done to reduce the mass of vapour during the
expansion.
Vapour absorption Refrigeration System:
It is a heat operated unit which uses a refrigerant that is
alternatively absorbed and liberated from the absorbent.
In this system, the compressor is replaced by an absorber generator
and a pump involving the less mechanical work.
Aqua – Ammonia Refrigeration Systems:
This is most commonly used cycle.
Ammonia – is used as Refrigerant
Water – as Absorbent.
The following components are used in this refrigeration system.
Analyzer:
It removes the water vapour partially by passing strong solution into it,
otherwise it will lead freezing at the throttle valve.
Rectifier:
Rectifier removes the remaining water vapour by providing water
cooling.
Absorber:
When ammonia dissolves in water, heat is released which reduces the
absorption capacity. So, Water is circulated around the absorber by
spraying the cooled weak NH3, solution. This external cooling increases
the absorption capacity of the weak NH3 Solution.
Lithium Bromide – Water systems:
Refrigerant – Water ; Absorbent – Lithium Bromide
Lithium bromide has strong affinity for water vapour due
its low vapour pressure.
It absorbs the water vapour as fast as it is released in the
evaporator.

Advantages of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems:

1. Less noise
2. Low maintenance cost due to very little wear.
3. System does not depend upon electric power.
4. Suitable for above 1000 TR.
 Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Systems

1. Moving part is pump only. Hence less

1. Moving parts are in compressor
wear and operation is quiet. makes more noise, wear and tear.
2. More equipments like Absorber, 2. Less components like Compressor,
rectifier, analyzer, pump, generator, condenser, expansion valve, and
evaporator, condenser, heat evaporator are required.
exchanger are required. 3. The compressor consumes more
3. It doesn’t depend on electricity. It can power.
be operated using solar system also. 4. Maintenance cost is high.
5. The liquid traces from the
4. Maintenance cost is low.
evaporator to the compressor may
5. The liquid traces from the evaporator damage the compressor.
constitute no danger. 6. Automatic operation for
6. Automatic operation for controlling controlling the capacity is difficult.
the capacity is easy. 7. More space is required.
7. Less floor space is required. 8. The system has poor performance
at partial load.
8. It is not affected by load variation.
9. Suitable for only small capacities
9. It can be built in capacities above 1000 only.
tons.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF REFRIGERATION
INTRODUCTION:

It is the study of the

properties of air – water
mixture under prevailing
conditions.

It is mostly used in heating

and ventilating of building,
ships, air crafts, and cold
storages., etc.,
Terminology used in pschrometry:
a. Dry air:
is the mixture of gases like N2, O2, CO2, Ar, Ne,
He etc.,
major gases are 21% of O2, and 79% of N2 by
volume.
major gases are 23% of O2, and 77% of N2 by
mass.
The molecular mass of dry air is 28.966 kg and
gas constant (Ra) is equal to 0.287 kJ/kgK.
b. Moist Air:
It is the mixture of dry air and water vapour.
c. Saturated air:
It is the mixture of dry air and water vapour,
when air contains the maximum amount of
water vapour.
The vapour pressure is equal to the saturation
pressure of water at the same temperature of
the mixture,
Unsaturated air:
air
is the mixture of unsaturated air and water
vapour.
PVapour < PSaturation of water

Relative humidity (Ø):

is the ratio between partial pressure of water
vapour in a mixture to the saturation pressure
of pure water at the same temperature of
mixture.
RH (Ø) = (Pw /Psat)

Specific Humidity (W) or Humidity Ratio:

is the ratio of mass of water vapour or moisture
to the mass of the dry air in a mixture of water
vapour and air.
W = mW/ma
Degree of saturation (µ):
is the ratio of the actual humidity
and the saturated specific
humidity at the same temperature
and of the mixture.
it varies from 0 to 1.
W = Pw (P-Ps)/Ps (P-Pw)

Dew point Temperature: (Tdp)

The temperature at which the water
vapour starts condensing is called
dew point temperature.

is a measure of specific humidity.

is equal to saturation temperature

at the partial pressure of water
vapour in the mixture.
Dry bulb Temperature: (DBT)
The temperature recorded by the
thermometer with a dry bulb.
is the measure of sensible heat.
The DBT cannot affected by the
moisture present in the air.
Wet Bulb Temperature: (WBT)
The temperature recorded by the
thermometer when its bulb is
covered by cotton wick (wet)
saturated with water.
is measure of enthalpy of air.
is the lowest temperature recorded
by the moistened bulb.
For saturated conditions of air, the
DBT, WBT, DPT of air are equal.
Dew point Depression:

is the difference between dry bulb

temperature and dew point
temperature of the air mixture.

DPD = DBT - DPT

PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES:

a. Sensible heating or cooling

Process

e
l in
on
b. Cooling and

ati
W

t ur
dehumidification process C

Sa
c. Heating and humidification
process a1 a

DBT
 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Air conditioning systems:

is defined as the assembly of

different parts of a system
which is meant for producing
a specified conditions of air
within a required space or
building.

An ideal air - conditioning

system should maintain
correct temperature,
humidity, air purity, air
movement and noise level.
 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

Types of air conditioning systems:

Human comfort conditions as 240C and 60% RH.

a. Summer air conditioning systems

In summer, the atmospheric air is high temperature at low relative
humidity, hence it has to be cooled and humidified it to achieve require
condition.

b. Winter air conditioning systems

In summer, the atmospheric air is low temperature at high relative
humidity, hence it has to be heated and dehumidified it to achieve require
condition.
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS