SRI RAMAKRISHNA MISSION

VIDYALAYA COLLEGE OF ARTS &

SCIENCE

Automotive Electrical & Electronics

Unit II

Presented by
M.Hariharan M.E.,
Asst. Professor,
DDU-KAUSHAL Kendra
 CHARGING SYSTEM AND ITS
COMPONENTS
 In automobiles, charging system maintains the charge
in the vehicle's battery, which provides the main
source of electrical energy when engine is running.
 In an automobile, energy is supplied to the battery by
charging system from where it is distributed to the
other parts like ignition system, lighting system and
other important systems.
 The two main essential parts of charging system are
alternator and voltage regulator.
COMPONENTS

The charging system has three main components:

 the alternator,
 the voltage regulator, and
 the batteries.
ALTERNATOR

 An alternator is an electrical generator that converts

mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of
alternating current.
 For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a
rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature
 Alternator produces current by electromagnetism.
 The principle behind is, when a strong magnet passes
through a wire, that wire will generate a small voltage.
CONTINUED..,

The main components of an alternator are:

 Stator
 Rotor
 Rectifiers

 Diodes
STATOR
 Stator is a stationary part in the alternator which
consists of 3 sets of wiring having many loops on
each that are evenly distributed to form three
phase system.
 The ends of the wires are connected to the
rectifier assembly.
ROTOR
 Rotor is a rotating part of alternator which is
surrounded by the stator.
 Rotor has a powerful magnet that passes close to
wire loops of stator.
 When the rotor rotates, the magnetic field in the
rotor cuts the wire loops of stator which result in an
electric field generation in wire loops of stator.
 The magnet in the rotor is not a permanent magnet
but an electro-magnet which enables the control of
output from the alternator.
RECTIFIERS
 Rectifier is an electrical device which converts
alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).
 The current produced in stator is an AC, so a
rectifier is used to convert AC current into DC
current.
DIODES
 Diode is a semiconductor which allows current in
only one direction.
 In alternator diodes are used to carry the current
from rectifier to the battery of the automobile.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
 A voltage regulator is used to control the field of
current applied to rotating rotor inside alternator.
 When there is no current applied to the rotor, then
there is no voltage produced in the alternator.
 When voltage exceeds a maximum required
level, the regulator will stop voltage supply to
rotor and alternator will stop working.
WARNING LAMP
 It is a simple voltmeter or an ammeter which is
mounted on dash board of an automobile.
 This is used to warn the driver if something is
wrong with the charging system.
 When an automobile is running and if there is
a warning, then there might be a problem with
the alternator.
WORKING
 The rotor of the alternator is driven by the belt drive
from the crank shaft of the automobile. Rotor is
surrounded by stator which has multiple number of wire
loops.
 The electro-magnet of the rotor produces a magnetic
field and it is cut by the wire loops of the stator. This
results in an small electrical potential development in the
stator wires.
 The ends of the stator wires are joined to the rectifier
which convert produced AC to DC.
STARTING SYSTEM
 The purpose of the starting system is to convert
chemical energy stored in the battery into
electrical energy, then into mechanical energy in
the starter motor
 This mechanical energy is then transferred
through gears and drives from the starter motor to
the engine flywheel
CONTINUED..,
 The starting system includes the battery, starter
motor, solenoid, ignition switch, and in some
cases, a starter relay.
 An inhibitor (neutral safety) switch is included in
the starting system circuit to prevent the vehicle
from being started while in gear.
 enables to crank the internal combustion engine
STARTING MOTOR
 The purpose of the starting system is to convert
chemical energy stored in the battery into
electrical energy, then into mechanical energy in
the starter motor.
 This mechanical energy is then transferred
through gears and drives from the starter motor to
the engine flywheel.
CONTINUED..,
 After the transfer and conversion of all this
energy the engine flywheel begins to rotate.
 The rotation must be of sufficient speed to allow
the engine to form the combustible air-fuel
mixture required for starting.
CONTINUED..,
 Inside, a typical starter motor has the electric
windings (coils) attached to the starter motor
housing and the armature (the rotating part) that
is connected through the carbon brushes in series
with the windings.
 On the front end of the armature, there is a small
gear that attached to the armature through an
overrunning clutch.
SOLENOID
 An electromechanical device which, when
connected to an electrical source such as a
battery, produces a mechanical movement.
 At the same, the starter solenoid pushes the
starter gear forward to mesh with the engine
flywheel.
 A typical starter solenoid has one small
connector for the control wire and two large
terminals: one for the positive battery cable and
the other for the starter motor.
IGNITION SWITCH
 The key-operated main power switch that opens
and closes the circuit that supplies current to the
ignition and other electrical systems.
RELAY
 An electrical device that opens or closes a circuit
in response to a voltage signal.
CARBON BRUSH
 A carbon brush, also known as a motor brush,
is the small part of the motor that conducts
electrical current between the stationary wires
(stator) and the rotating wires (rotor) of
a motor or generator.
 The brush is typically made up of one or
more carbon blocks and can come with one or
more shunts or terminals
TYPES OF STARTER MOTORS

Shunt Wound Motors

 In Shunt Wound Motors, the field coil is
connected in parallel with the armature.
 The shunt motor does not decrease its torque as
speed increases. Shunt motors do not produce
high torque.
SERIES WOUND MOTORS
 In Series Wound Motors, the field coil is in series
with the armature.
 The current flows to the field windings, then to
the brushes, commutator, and armature back
again to the ground side brush.
COMPOUND WOUND MOTORS
 Compound Wound Motors have some of the field
coils wired in series to the armature and some in
parallel.
 This configuration allows the compound motor to
develop good starting torque and constant
operating speed.
PERMANENT MAGNET MOTORS
 Permanent Magnet Motors eliminate all wiring to
the field coils. The magnetic field is generated by
the permanent magnet without the need for
winding and pole shoes.
 The magnets use flux-concentrating pieces to
direct the magnetic field.
IGNITION SYSTEM
 Ignition system provides high voltage spark in
the combustion chamber at the correct time.
 Distributed high voltage spark to each spark plug
in correct sequence .
 Provides a method of turning a spark ignition
engine on & off
CONTINUED..,
 Ignition system is part of electric system which
carries the electric current to the spark plug
where the spark is necessary to ignite the air-fuel
mixture.
 Produces high voltage arcs at the spark plug
electrode.
 These high voltage produce by ignition coil,
which is supplied with lower voltage battery.
CONTINUED..,

 It should provide a good spark between the

electrodes of the plugs at the correct timing.
 The duration of the spark must be long enough
with sufficient energy to ensure that ignition of
the mixture has a high chance of occurring.
 The system must distribute this high voltage to
each of the spark plugs at the exact time in
every cycle, i.e., it must have in it a
distributing device
BASIC IGNITION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 BATTERY
 IGNITION SWITCH
 IGNITION COIL
 SWITCHING DEVICE
 SPARK PLUG
 IGNITION SYSTEM WIRES
CONTINUED..,
 Battery supplies power to entire system
 Ignition Switch turns engine on or off
 Coil transforms volts
 Switching device triggers ignition coil
 Spark Plug and wires distribute spark
IGNITION COIL
 Transformer
2 sets of windings
 Primary windings
 Secondary windings

 Iron core
 Produces magnetic field
TYPES OF IGNITION SYSTEM
 BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM or COIL
IGNITION SYSTEM
 MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM

 ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM

BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM OR COIL IGNITION SYSTEM

 The battery ignition system for a 4 cylinder engine. A

battery of 12 volts is generally employed. There are two
basic circuits in the system primary and
secondary circuits.
 The first circuit has the battery, primary winding of the
ignition coil, condenser, and the contact breaker from the
primary circuit.
 Whereas the secondary winding of the ignition coil,
distributor, and the spark plugs forms the secondary
circuits.
CONTINUED..,
 The value of the voltage depends upon the number of
turns in each coil. The high voltage 10,000 to 20,000
volts then passes to a distributor.
 It consists of the spark plug of the cylinder in rotation
depending upon the firing order of the engine. This
causing a high-intensity spark jumps across the gap.
 Thereby ignition of the air-fuel mixture takes place in
all the cylinders. The battery ignition system has
massive use in cars, light trucks, buses, etc.
MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM
 Battery -Battery systems transforms the battery
voltage and fires the spark plug at the correct
time.
 Magneto -Magneto systems must produce the
current, transform the voltage and time the spark
plug. -Most small engines use the magneto
system
CONTINUED..,
 The high powered, high speed spark ignition
engines like aircraft, sports and racing cars use
magneto ignition system.
 The basic components of a magneto ignition
system consist of a magneto, breaker points,
capacitor, ignition switch, distributor, spark plug
leads, and spark plugs.
WORKING PRINCIPLES
 The simplest form of spark ignition is that using a
magneto.
 An ignition magneto, or high tension magneto, is a
magneto that provides current for the ignition system of
a spark-ignition engine, such as a petrol engine.
 The engine spins a magnet inside a coil, or, in the earlier
designs, a coil inside a fixed magnet, and also operates a
contact breaker, interrupting the current and causing the
voltage to be increased sufficiently to jump a small gap.
 The spark plugs are connected directly from the
magneto output.
ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM
 The disadvantage of the mechanical system is
that it requires regular adjustment to compensate
for wear, and the opening of the contact breakers,
which is responsible for spark timing, is subject
to mechanical variations.
WORKING
 A battery plays an important role in supplying
power. The negative terminal is grounded and a
positive terminal is connected to the ignition
switch.
 Now when we turn on the ignition switch the
power supply gets ON and further, the wire is
connected to the electronic ignition module.
 Here all the work will be controlled
electronically.
CONTINUED..,
 An armature is connected to the electronic module, the
power comes and armature rotates.
 Here you can see magnetic pick-up. When the magnetic
pick-up and armature touches, the voltage signal
generates. and it generates further until a strong voltage
signal comes. Here ON and OF process continues.
 This voltage comes to the distributor section and here a
rotor is connected. When the rotor rotates and touches
the spark plug line it supplies the voltage and sparks
plug ionized or we can say the distributor distributes
the voltages.