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Che 246 CH 3
Che 246 CH 3
SEPARATION PROCESS
CHAPTER 3:
GAS ABSORPTION
ARBANAH MUHAMMAD
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UITM PASIR GUDANG
1
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
Describe gas-liquid equilibrium for ideal solution according to
Raoult's law.
Differentiate packed and plate tower.
Explain packing materials and flow arrangement in packed tower.
Calculate the packed tower diameter and height of an absorption
towers.
Demonstrate the material balance and calculate the number of
theoretical stages in a multistage counter current operation of a
plate absorption tower by a graphical method.
Demonstrate effective team role and communication skills.
2
3
Contents
3.1 Definition, applications and notations used in gas absorption
3.2 Gas-liquid equilibrium for ideal solution according to Raoult’s Law
3.3 Equipment and description for gas absorption
3.4 Packed tower: description and flow arrangement
3.4.1 Packing materials – description and flow
arrangement
3.4.2 Pressure drop and flooding in packed tower
determination of tower diameter
3.5 Plate tower
3.5.1 Introduction to plate tower
3.5.2 Multistage counter current operation -
graphical method to determine number of
theoretical stages.
4
3.1 DEFINITION AND APPLICATION OF GAS ABSORPTION
The insoluble components present in the gas which is not absorbed is called
the carrier gas.
Example: Removal H2S (solute) from natural gas (carrier) using suitable
solvent such as an aqueous solution of an alkanolamine, (solvent). An
intimate contact between the gas and the liquid is achieve in the suitable
equipment or device like packed column, try column, spray tower etc.
5
3.1 DEFINATION AND APPLICATION OF GAS ABSORPTION
- Important terms:-
i. Feed (Absorbate) : the gas mixture which to be extracted
ii. Solvent (Absorbent) : the liquid which the feed is contacted
iii. Extract : the solvent-rich product
iv. Raffinate : the residual gas mixture which solute(s) has
been removed.
7
CDIO Activity 1
In a group of 5 and within 5 minutes, choose one
criteria of a suitable solvent to be choose as the
absorbent in the Gas Absorption application.
pA = xA PA
Where:
pA = partial pressure of A in vapor phase
xA = mol fraction of A in liquid phase
PA = vapor pressure of pure A at certain Temp
9
3.3 Two film theory of gases-liquid system
Figure 10.4.1
Assuming solute A is diffusing from the bulk phase G to the liquid phase
L, it must pass through phase G through the interface through
phase L in series
The concentration in the bulk gas phase yAG decreased to yAi at the
interface liquid concentration xAi at interface falls to xAL
10
Two film theory of gases-liquid system
Figure 10.4-1
Figure 10.4-2
N A k y' y AG y Ai k x' x Ai x AL
Where:
' gas-phase mass transfer coefficient in kg mol/s.m2.mol frac.
ky
k x' liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient in kg mol/s.m2.mol frac.
y y AG y Ai k 'x
slope '
x x AL x Ai ky
12
Two film theory of gases-liquid system
DIFFUSION OF A THROUGH STAGNANT FOR NONDIFFUSING B
……Figure 10.4.3
Now
N A k y y AG y Ai k x x Ai x AL
k y' k x'
ky kx Where
1 y A iM 1 x A iM
k y' 1 y A iM 1 y Ai 1 y AG
k x'
NA y AG y Ai x Ai x AL ln 1 y Ai / 1 y AG
1 y A iM 1 x A iM
1 x A iM 1 x AL 1 x Ai
Then Slope of PM
ln 1 x AL / 1 x Ai
y y AG y Ai k 'x k x / 1 x A iM
slope '
x x AL x Ai ky k y / 1 y A iM
13
The previous definitions for molar flux NA require the
knowledge of the interface concentrations.
14
OVERALL MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
1. Equimolar Counterdiffusion
The overall mass transfer K y' is defined as
N A K y' y AG y *A K x' x*A x AL Eq.1.7.1
y AG y *A y AG y Ai y Ai y *A Eq.1.7.3
Between point E and M the slope m’
y Ai y *A
m
'
Eq.1.7.4
x Ai x AL
y AG y *A y AG y Ai m ' x Ai x AL Eq.1.7.5
Then, on substituting Eq.1.7.1 and 1.7.2 into Eq1.7.5 and canceling out N A
1 1 m'
15
K y' k y' k x'
2. For diffusion of A through stagnant of nondiffusing B,
the overall mass transfer coefficient as follows
1 1 m'
Ky ky kx
1 1 m'
' '
K y / 1 y A *M
'
k y / 1 y
A iM k x / 1 x A iM
1 y 1 y
*
Where…
1 y A *M A
ln 1 y / 1 y
AG
*
A AG
16
MASS TRANSFER MECHANISM IN GAS ABSORPTION
yAG
yAi
xAi
xAL
17
3.3 EQUIPMENT AND DESCRIPTION FOR GAS
ABSORPTION
18
3.3 EQUIPMENT AND DESCRIPTION FOR GAS ABSORPTION
Trayed Tower Packed Column Spray Tower
Packings
Bubble Centrifugal
Column Contactor
19
3.4 PACKED TOWER: DESCRIPTION AND FLOW ARRANGEMENT
- Counter-current flows between the gas and liquid
phases
Liquid in
Liquid out
- Packings’ types:-
Figure 3.4 : Packed column/ tower flows
and characteristics for absorption i. Random
20
ii. Structured
3.5 Packing materials
3.5.1 Random Packings
22
PRESSURE DROP AND FLOODING IN PACKED TOWERS GAS
The liquid distributed on the top of a packed bed trickles down by gravity
Flow of the gas is pressure-driven and the pressure is generated by a blower or
a compressor
The gas undergoes pressure drop as it flows through the bed because of
skin friction
Frequent changes in the flow direction
The maximum flow of the gas is available if the packing is dry, no liquid
throughput
But when liquid flow the bed, a part of open space of the bed is occupied by the
liquid, and area available for gas flow decreases
This is why the pressure drop increase with increasing liquid throughput.
23
PRESSURE DROP AND FLOODING IN PACKED TOWERS
There is upper limit to the rate of gas flow in a packed tower, called flooding velocity
At low gas velocity, the liquid flow downward through the packing, essentially influent by upward gas.
At a gas flow rate called loading point, the gas start to hinder the liquid down flow and local accumulation of
liquid start appear in the packing.
The liquid can no longer flow down through the packing and it blown out with the gas, this call flooding point,
24
HIGHER At flooding point, the liquid cannot flow down through the
GAS MASS packing and it blown out with the gas.
VELOCITY
Further increase gas velocity
25
ACTIVITY 1
26
3.5.2 SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF PACKED COLUMN/
TOWER
Limiting conditions:-
Low flux (liquid flow rate)→ Channeling-packing surface may be dry or covered
by stagnant film of liquid
Where:-
For higher values of Fp,>60, the pressure drop at flooding can be taken as
2.0 in. H2O/ ft of packing.
28
29
2.4.1.7 DIAMETER OF COLUMN/ TOWER
Diameter of column is based on gas mass velocity (G’) calculation
Recommended design gas mass velocity (G’) range is from 65% - 80% of
flooding
The following procedure can be used to determined the limiting gas mass
velocity (G’) and the tower diameter
1. Select the suitable random/structured packing → Fp value
2. Find the liquid-to-gas mass flow rate ratio (L’/ G’)=Extract/Feed=LN/VN+1
31
QUESTION 1
It is desired to remove 97 mol% of acetone from a gas stream by scrubbing with pure water in a packed tower filled
with 1 in plastic Nor-Pac (Cf = 21.35ft-1 or 70m-1). The gas stream at 100 kg/s containing 10 mol% of acetone and 90
mol% of inert air. The process design specifies a liquid to gas mass flow ratio, L’/G’ of 1.08. The process is to be
operated isothermally at 298 K and a total pressure 101320 Pa. The generalized correlation for pressure drop in
packed column is given in Appendix 1.
Data Given
R = 8314 m3.Pa/(kgmol.K)
Mwinert gas = 29.9 kg/kgmol ; Mwacetone= 58kg/kgmol
34
TOWER HEIGHT
Height of packings required can be evaluated
either based on the gas-phase or the liquid-
phase.
z=NxH
where
35
For the gas-phase, we have:
z = NOG x HOG
y1 y 2 V V
N OG H OG
(y y* ) M K y ' aS K y a (1 y) *M S
( y1 y ) ( y 2 y )
* *
(y y ) M
*
1 2
(1 y1* ) (1 y1 )
(1 y) *M
ln[(1 y1* ) /(1 y1 )]
36
Similarly for the liquid-phase we have:
z = NOL x HOL
x1 x 2 L L
N OL H OL
(x x * ) M K x ' aS K x a (1 x ) *M S
(x1 x ) (x 2 x )
* *
(x x ) M
*
1 2
Ln[( x 1 x 1* ) /( x 2 x )]*
2
(1 x 1* ) (1 x 1 )
(1 x ) *M
ln[(1 x 1* ) /(1 x 1 )]
37
38
Example 10.6-4
39
yA2=0.005 V2
L2= 45.36 kgmol/h AT = A + A*
xA2=0. V1=??
A
V1yB1=VB1
V1(1-0.026)=13.65
V1=14.0144
( y1 y1* ) ( y 2 y *2 )
(y y* ) M
Ln[( y1 y1 ) /( y 2 y 2 )]
* *
42
2.3.2 TRAY COLUMN/ TOWER DESIGN
- Counter-current contacting of gas and liquid
- Contacting occurs in liquid on trays
i. Liquid flows parallel to the tray
ii. Gas flows perpendicular to the tray
- Types of tray:-
i. Sieve tray
ii. Bubble caps tray
iii. Valve trays
Sieve tray is flat perforated plate design that became the workhorse tray in the 1950’s.
The perforations can range form 1/8 inch and larger, but generally average 1/2 inch. Sieve trays offer
relatively good anti-fouling and pressure drop characteristics compared to other trays. Sieve trays
operate under a specific velocity range and therefore would not be a choice if radical turndown is
required.
44
Bubble cap trays are typically used in applications with low liquid loading and large variations in
vapor loading. They have lower capacity (10-20%) than properly designed valve or sieve trays however
they are superior in their leak-proof characteristics. Bubble caps come in a wide range of designs,
shapes and sizes.
45
The general-purpose valve tray contains a movable valve that covers the holes to regulate changes in
flow conditions. These valves offer varying performance benefits based on specific design requirements.
It is recognized by its integrally formed legs and can be offered flush-seated and non-rotating.
46
3.6 Multistage Counter Current Operation
3.6.1 No. Of Theoretical Stages (Grpahical)
- Determination by graphical method (McCABE-THIELE)
i. Equilibrium line
ii. Operating line
OPERATING LINE
y = mx +c
47
- The operating line also can be expressed in terms of INERT FLOWRATES as below:-
OPERATING LINE
(A) (B)
Figure 2.5 : Location of operating lines (A) for absorption of A from V to L stream;
(B) For stripping of A from L to V stream. 48
▲
►
▲
►
▲
►
▲
►
49
A plot of the operating line (Eq 2.7) as y vs x will give
the curve line. If x and y are very dilute, the
denominators 1-x and 1-y will close to 1, and the line
will be approximately straight.
bottom
cooordinate
The no of (xAN, yANt1)
theoretical trays
is determine by
simply stepping
off the no of
trays as done in
fig 2.6 Top cooordinate
(xo, yA1) 50
EXERCISE –consider the solute (A) is very dilute
A tray tower is used to remove 90 mol% acetone from air using pure water in an
absorption column. The gas stream flow rate is 40 kmol/h contain 11mol% acetone and
the water flow rate is 100 kmol/h. The equilibrium data for this system can be
represented by the following equation:
y=1.9x
Determine:
a) Molar flow rate in raffinate and extract
Ans; raf (V1)=36.04 kmol/h; ext (LN)=103.96 kmol/h
b)Composition in raffinate and extract
Ans; raf (yA1)=0.0122; ext (xAN)=0.038
c) Number of theoretical stages
Ans; 3.61 stages
51
Example 10.6-2 (text book)
52