Outline

• Biochemistry of Carbohydrates
• Glycoproteins and Glycosaminoglycan
• Biochemistry of Lipids
• Biological Membranes
• Bioenergetics and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
• Basic Concepts of Metabolism
 Glycosaminoglycans and Glycoprotein

Objectives
- Recognize the different classes of glycosaminoglycan and
their functions.
- Know what are the proteoglycans, function and the general
structure.
- Glycoproteins and blood-group substances as example

*Glycosaminoglycan
-Structure
-classification
-Functions
*Glycoproteins
-structure and functions
-O- and N-linked oligosaccharides
-Blood group substances
 Glycosaminoglycans
Glycosamines: sugar derivatives in which the hydroxyl group at C2 is replaced
with NH2 group.
 Structure of Glycosaminoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): large complexes of negatively charged linear
heteropolysaccharides chains. These polymers consist of repeating
disaccharide unit (acidic sugar-amino sugar).

The amino sugar is either:

N-acetylglucosamine or
N-acetylgalactosamine.

The acidic sugar is–uronic

acid usually D-glucouronic
acid,
some hydroxyl groups are
esterified with sulfate.

These compound have special

ability to bind large amounts
of water, so produce gel-
like matrix
 Functions of Glycosaminoglycans
* GAGs are component of the
extracellular matrix; a gel-like material
that fill the extracellular space in the
tissues of multi-cellular animals.
GAGs form an interlocking meshwork with
the fibrous protein as fibronectin, collagen, elastin.

* Responsible of the viscous, lubricant properties of mucous

secretions and for this GAGs were called mucopolysaccharides
* Stabilize and support cellular and fibrous
component of the tissue; connective tissue
(found in skin, tendons, cartilages..) they
consist of insoluble protein fibers
distributed in the ground substance
The character of the connective tissue is
dependent on the relative proportions of the
ground substance and embedded fibrous protein
 Classification of
the
Glycosaminoglycans
They can be classified
according to
• their monomeric
compositions,
• type of glycosidic
linkages,
• and degree of their
sulfate units.
Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans,Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids
Polysaccharides are not only stored fuels and structural
elements but also considered as information carriers
- serve as destination markers for some protein
-cell-cell recognition and adhesion, cell migration,
blood clotting and immune response
*The informational carbohydrates are usually covalently
joined to a protein or lipid to form Glycoconjugate

Glycoprteins: have one or several oligosaccharides

of varying complexity joined covalently to proteins.
They present at the outer side of
the plasma membrane, extracellular matrix, and blood.

Highly specific sites for recognition and high-affinity binding by other protein.

Glycolipids: are membrane lipids,

the hydrophilic head groups are oligsaccharides
and act as specific sites for recognition by
carbohydrate-binding proteins.
Proteoglycans: macromolecules of cell surfaces or extracellular matrix
in which glycosaminoglycan chains are joined covalently to a membrane protein.
function as lubricants and
support elements in connective tissue

The glycosaminoglycan moiety forms

the greater fraction of
proteoglycan molecule
 Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins: are proteins to which
oligosaccharides are covalently attached,
the length of carbohydrate moiety is:
relatively short compared to glycosaminoglycans,
branched and may or may not negatively charged.
Glycoproteins contain highly variable amounts of carbohydrates ,
IgG contains less than 4%
Glycophorin (in the red blood cells) contains more than 20%
Mucin (human gastric glycoprotein) contains more than 60%
Advantages of adding oligosaccharides to proteins
- Affects the polarity and solubility
- affects the folding pathway of the protein affects the tertiary
structure
- each oligosaccharide represents a unique face that can be recognized by
enzyme, signal and receptor which can interact with it
 Glycoproteins

Functions:
*membrane bound glycoproteins
participate in many cellular phenomena
including
-cell surface recognition by other cells,
hormones, viruses
-cell surface antigenicity as blood group
antigen
*components of extracellular matrix, and
of the mucins of the gastrointestinal tract
and they act as protective biological
lubricants.
 Structure of Glycoproteins
The carbohydrate moiety is attached at its anomeric carbon through glycosidic
link to the –OH of the serine or Threonine ( O-glycosidic link) or to the amide
group of the Asparagine side chain(N-glycosidic link)

A glycoprotein may contain N- and/ or O-linked glycosidic linkage

O-linked oligosaccharides are found as membrane glycoprotein components or
extracellular glycoproteins, e.g glycoprotein that provide ABO blood grouping

N-linked oligosaccharides fall into two classes: complex oligosaccharides and high
mannose oligosaccharides
Structure N-linked oligosaccharides

The carbohydrate moiety is attached at

its anomeric carbon through glycosidic link
to the amide group of the Asparagine side
chain

N-linked oligosaccharides fall into two classes:

complex oligosaccharides and high mannose
oligosaccharides
Blood Group substances
Blood group antigens are an important group of polysaccharide that
attached as O-linked glycans to membrane proteins in some cell, or can be
linked to a lipid molecule to form a glycolipid. These oligosaccharides that
determine the blood group types (ABO)
*all humans can produce can produce type O-oligosaccharides
 Addition of N-acetlygalactosamine by
glycosyltransferase produces type A antigen
blood type A
Addition of Galactose by the enzyme galactosyltransferase
makes type B antigen  blood type B
* Humans possess no enzymes  blood Type O
* With the two enzymes  blood type AB, both A and B
oligosaccharides are present on the cell surface
 Transfusion relation ships between blood types

Humans can produce antibody against A, B antigen, but type O-

polysaccharides are non antigenic.

• No one produce antibody against his own antigen but produces them
against the other antigen.

• Transfusion relation ships between blood types

-type O is universal donor
-type AB universal acceptor
The End