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Technology Guide 3: Data and Database
Technology Guide 3: Data and Database
Technology Guide 3: Data and Database
T3-1
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
File Management
Database
Database
File
File File
File
Record
Record Record
Record
Field
Field Field
Field Field
Field Field
Field
Byte
Byte Byte
Byte Byte
Byte Byte
Byte
Bit
Bit Bit
Bit Bit
Bit Bit
Bit
Hierarchy of data for a computer-based file
T3-2
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
File Management
• Entity
– a person, place, thing, or event on which
we maintain information
• Attribute
– characteristic or quality describing a
particular entity
– corresponds to a field
• Key Field
– a file that uniquely identifies that record
– an identified filed
T3-3
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Problems Arising
from the Environment
• Data Redundancy : the same piece of information could be
duplicated in several files
• Data Inconsistency : the actual values across various copies of
the data no longer agree
• Data Isolation : data files are organized differently, stored in
different formats, and often physically inaccessible to other
applications
• Security : new application may be added to the system on an ad
hoc basis
• Data Integrity : data values must often meet integrity
constraints
• Application/Data Independence : application should not have
to be developed with regard to how the data are stored
T3-5
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Database and
Database Management Systems
• Database
– an organized logical grouping of related files
– no data redundancy, data isolation, and data
inconsistency
• Database Management Systems (DBMS)
– a program that provides access to a database
– permits an organization to centralize data,
manage them efficiently, and provide access
to the stored data by application programs
T3-6
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Specialized Database
• Geographical Information Database
– contains locational data for overlaying on
maps or images
• Knowledge Database
– stores decision rules used to evaluate
situations and helps users make decisions
like an expert
• Multimedia Database
– Stores data on many media – sounds,
T3-7 video, images, graphic animation, and text
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Data Dictionary
T3-10
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
T3-11
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Creating Database
• Conceptual Design
– an abstract model of the database
from the user or business perspective
– Describes how the data elements in
the database are to be grouped
• Physical Design
– shows how the database is actually
arranges on direct access storage
devices
T3-14
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Entity-relationship Modeling
• Entity is something that can be identified
in the users’ work environment
• Instance of an entity is the representation
of a particular entity
• Attributes describe the entity’s
characteristics
• Identifiers are attributes that identify
entity instances
T3-15
• Relationships can include many entities
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Entity-Relationship Diagram
Name Departmet
Attribute
Entity Relationship
Major Name
Table
Student
Student Class Professor
Professor
Normalization of
Relational Databases
• Functional Dependency
– a relationship between or
among attributes, where,
given the value of one
attribute, we can obtain the
value of another attribute
T3-17
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Data Warehouses
Database Topology
• Centralized Database has all the related
files in one physical location
• Distributed Database has complete
copies of a database, or portions of a
database, in more than one locations
• Replicated Database has complete copies
of the entire database in several locations
• Partitioned Database is subdivided, so
that each location has a portion of the entire
T3-20
database
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
• Physical View
– deals with the actual, physical
arrangement and location of data in the
direct access storage devices (DASD)
• Logical View
– represents data in a format that is
meaningful to a user and to the software
programs that process that data
T3-21
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Database Management
• Database Design
• Database Implementation
• Database Administrators
– responsible for ensuring that the
database fulfills that user’s business
needs, in terms of functionality s
well for the data itself
T3-22
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban