SOLUBL

E
VITAMI
NS
Vitamins A, D, E, K
 FAT SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
 Fat-Soluble Vitamins are absorbed in the lymph, transported in the blood,
and can be stored in the liver and fatty tissues for use as needed.
 Fat-soluble vitamins are the ones you really need to be careful about.
Because fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body, these vitamins
can build up to toxic levels when consumed in excessive amounts. Fat-
soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K.
 Fat Soluble refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in
fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents.
 VITAMIN A
retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid
 WHAT IS
VITAMIN
A?
‘Vitamin A’ is a generic term for retinol, retinal and retinoic acid, all of
which are found in animals. Retinal and retinoic acid are the active forms of
vitamin A. The term ‘retinoids’ has been used to define these substances as
well as other synthetic compounds associated with vitamin A-like activity.

The provitamin of vitamin A is a plant pigment β-carotene and other

carotenoids. β-Carotene is converted in the small bowel to all-trans retinal
by the action of the β-carotene dioxygenase. Further metabolism in the
enterocytes produces retinol and retinoic acid, which are transported to the
liver for storage. β-Carotene is water soluble and is found in plant food.
Good sources of β-carotene are dark-green and yellow vegetables and
tomatoes.
BENEFITS
AND
FUNCTIONS
VITAMIN A benefits and helps formation and maintenance
of teeth, bones, soft tissue, white blood cells, the immune
system and mucus membranes. Beta-carotene also acts as an
antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage.
 FOOD SOURCES OF
VITAMIN A

LIVE FISH
R OIL

EGG BUTT
YOLK ER
Symptoms of Deficiency &
Diseases
Symptoms: but not necessarily
the cause, are Dry skin and
Dry eyes.
MAY ALSO
INCLUDE…
1. Eye problems are some of the most well-known issues
2. Night Blindness.
3. Infertility and Trouble Conceiving
4. Delayed Growth
5. Throat and Chest Infections
6. Poor Wound Healing
7. Acne and Breakouts
WHO IS THE MOST AT RISK?
Severe vitamin A
Pregnant and deficiency occurs
lactating women are
mostly in the
also prone to vitamin
A deficiency. The developing world
most vulnerable but it is also
group are premature fairly common in
infants and, in the patients with
developing severe liver
countries, breastfed disease or fat
children of mothers malabsorption
who themselves are (e.g. cystic
vitamin A deficient
fibrosis).
VITAMIN D
calciol
 WHAT IS
VITAMIN
D?
Vitamin D (calciol) is a hormone. It is a group of closely related sterols
produced by the action of ultraviolet light on provitamins. 7-
Dehydrocholesterol is synthesized in the liver and is found in the skin. The
products of the photolytic reaction are ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and
cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). They are equipotent and both are converted to a
series of hydroxylated derivatives, in the liver to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
(25(OH)D3; calcidiol) and then in the kidney, to the active compound 1α-,25-
dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3; calcitriol).

Vitamin D also influences genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation

and apoptosis. It modulates growth, participates in immune function, and is
anti-inflammatory.
BENEFITS
AND
FUNCTIONS
VITAMIN D helps facilitate normal immune system
function. It regulates the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus and normal growth and development of bones
and teeth.
 FOOD SOURCES OF
VITAMIN D

COD- FISH
LIVE
R OIL

MILK SUNLI
GHT
Symptoms of Deficiency &
Diseases
Symptoms: not necessarily the
cause, are getting sick or
Infected Often..
THAT MAY
CAUSE…
1. Fatigue and Tiredness
2. Bone and Back Pain
3. Depression
4. Impaired Wound Healing
5. Bone Loss
6. Hair Loss
7. Muscle Pain.
WHO IS THE MOST AT RISK?
Those with limited sun
Pregnant and exposure
breast-feeding (housebound, wearing
clothes that cover all
women
the skin, or using
Teenagers and sunblock)
young women People with darker
Infants and skin
children under the People with
age of 15 years inflammatory bowel
People aged 65 disease or other bowel
and over condition associated
with poor fat
absorption
VITAMIN E
tocopherols
 WHAT IS
VITAMIN
E?
Dietary vitamin E is a mixture of several compounds, called tocopherols.
Ninety percent of vitamin E present in human tissues is in the form of the
natural isomer, α-tocopherol (Fig. 11.2). It is involved in the immune
function, and also in cellular signaling and gene expression. α-Tocopherol
inhibits the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) and affects cell adhesion as
well as arachidonic acid metabolism. In European folklore, vitamin E has
been associated with fertility and sexual activity. This is certainly true in
other animal species where vitamin E plays a role in sperm production and
egg implantation, but it is not the case in man. It is absorbed from the diet
in the small intestine with lipids, and there is no specific transport protein. It
is packed into the chylomicrons and in the circulation it is associated with
lipoproteins
BENEFITS
AND
FUNCTIONS
May prevent coronary heart disease, support immune function, prevent
inflammation, promote eye health, and lower the risk of cancer. It helps
support the immune system, cell function, and skin health. It's an
antioxidant, making it effective at combating the effects of free radicals
produced by the metabolism of food and toxins in the environment.
Vitamin E may be beneficial at reducing UV damage to skin.
 FOOD SOURCES OF
VITAMIN E

GREEN SOYA
VEGET BEANS
ABLE

BANA ALM
NA OND
Symptoms of Deficiency &
Diseases
Symptoms: but not necessarily
the cause, are disorientation
and vision problems.
THAT MAY
CAUSE…
1. Muscle weakness: Vitamin E is essential to the central nervous system. It is
among the body's main antioxidants, and a deficiency results in oxidative
stress , which can lead to muscle weakness.
2. Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare inherited disorder of fat metabolism that
results in poor absorption of dietary fat and vitamin E.
3. The vitamin E deficiency associated with this disease causes problems such
as poor transmission of nerve impulses and muscle.
WHO IS MOST
It's most likely toAT RISK?
develop in
children between the ages of 5
and 15 .
 VITAMIN K
phylloquinone and manaquinones
 WHAT IS
VITAMIN
K?
Vitamin K is a group of compounds, varying in the number of isoprenoid units in their side
chain. Vitamin K1, also called phylloquinone, is mostly found in plant foods like leafy
green vegetables. It makes up about 75–90% of all vitamin K consumed by humans.
Vitamin K2 is found in fermented foods and animal products, and is also produced by gut
bacteria. It has several subtypes called menaquinones (MKs) that are named by the length
of their side chain. They range from MK-4 to MK-13.

Because of differences in absorption and transport to tissues throughout the body, vitamin
K1 and K2 could have profoundly different effects on your health. Vitamin K1 found in
plants is poorly absorbed by the body. One study estimated that less than 10% of the K1
found in plants is actually absorbed. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin. Fat-soluble
vitamins are much better absorbed when eaten with dietary fat. Additionally, vitamin K2’s
long side chain allows it to circulate in the blood longer than K1. Where vitamin K1 may
stay in the blood for several hours, some forms of K2 can remain in the blood for days.
Some researchers believe that the longer circulation time of vitamin K2 allows it to be
better used in tissues located throughout the body. Vitamin K1 is primarily transported to
and used by the liver.
BENEFITS
AND
FUNCTIONS
Has benefits blood clotting and bone health. Vitamin K also
seems to play an important role in preventing heart disease.
Vitamin K activates a protein that helps prevent calcium
from depositing in your arteries. Vitamin K is required for
post-translational modification of coagulation factors.
 FOOD SOURCES OF
VITAMIN K

TOMA MEAT
TO

SPINA TURN
CH IP
Symptoms of Deficiency &
Diseases
Symptoms: but not necessarily
the cause, are easy bruising.
MAY
INCLUDE…
1. Oozing from nose or gums
2. Excessive Bleeding from wounds, punctures, and injection or surgical sites
3. Heavy menstrual periods
4. Bleeding from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
5. Blood in the urine and/or stool
6. Symptoms of deficiency include excessive bleeding that won’t stop easily,
though this could also be caused by other things and should be evaluated by
a physician.
 WHO IS MOST AT RISK?
Premature infants Although vitamin K
are especially at risk deficiency is uncommon
of deficiency and in adults, certain people
are at increased risk if
may develop the
they:
hemorrhagic disease take coumarin
of the newborn anticoagulants such as
Placental transfer of warfarin, which thins the
vitamin K to the blood.
fetus is inefficient. are taking antibiotics.
Immediately after have a condition that
birth the circulating causes the body to not
absorb fat properly (fat
concentration
malabsorption)
decreases
THANK YOU
 RESOURCES
● https://doctorlib.info/medical/biochemistry/13.html
● https://www.basicknowledge101.com/categories/vitamins.html