2.0 - L - SP015 - Kinematics of Linear Motion

Chapter
2 --- Kinematics
CHAPTER 2 of Linear Motion
KINEMATICS
OF
LINEAR MOTION
KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION
Chapter
2 --- Kinematics of Linear Motion
SUBTOPIC
2.1 Linear motion.

2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion.
2.3 Projectile motion.

Chapter
INTRODUCTION

Chapter
Kinematics
 Study of motion, without any reference to the
forces that cause the motion.
 It basically means studying how things are
moving, not why they’re moving.
 It includes concepts such as distance or
displacement, speed or velocity, and
acceleration.

Chapter
Linear Motion
One dimensional (1-D) motion

along a straight line.

Chapter
DISTANCE DISPLACEMENT
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Shortest length
Length of actual path between initial and final
between 2 points
point in a straight line
Meter (m) Meter (m)

Chapter
EXAMPLE 1
You walk from your house to friend’s house

then to the grocery shop. Calculate:
(i) the distance traveled
(ii) the displacement.

Chapter
SOLUTION
Friend’s Your house Grocery shop
house (initial) (final)
2.1 m 4.3 m
(i) The distance travelled,

d = total distance travel
= 2.1 + 2.1 + 4.3 = 8.5 m
(ii) The displacement,

s = shortest length between initial and final
= 4.3 m

Chapter
EXAMPLE 2
An object P moves 30 m to the east after

that 15 m to the south and finally moves
40 m to west. Determine
a) The distance
b) The displacement
of P relative to the original position.

Chapter
N SOLUTION
O 30 m
W E

15 m

P
10 m 30 m
a) Distance, d = 30 + 15 + 40
= 85 m

Chapter
b) Displacement.
magnitude : direction :
Sy
SOP  S x  S y
2 2
tan θ 
Sx
SOP  (10) 2  (15) 2 Sy
  tan 1
Sx
SOP  18.03m
θ  tan 1  15
 10 
θ  56.310 θ
SOP
Chapter
SPEED VELOCITY
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
total distance travelled

speed  Speed in particular
time interval direction:
v
 d - average velocity
- instantaneous velocity
Δt
ms-1 ms-1

Chapter
2.1
LINEAR MOTION

Chapter
2.1 LINEAR MOTION
a) Define
i. Instantaneous velocity, average velocity and
uniform velocity.
ii. Instantaneous acceleration, average
acceleration and uniform acceleration.

Chapter
VELOCITY

Chapter
2 --- KinematicsAVERAGE
of Linear Motion
VELOCITY
• The rate of change of displacement

• Direction: in the same direction of the
change in displacement
change of displacement
vav 
time interval
s 2  s1 s
vav  vav 
t 2  t1 t

Chapter
2 ---INSTANTANEOUS
Kinematics of Linear Motion
VELOCITY
• The instantaneous rate of change of

displacement/ velocity at specified position
s
limit s
v
t  0 t s1
The gradient of the
Q tangent to the curve
at point Q= the
ds instantaneous velocity
v at time, t = t1
dt t
0 t1

Chapter
2 --- KinematicsUNIFORM
of Linear Motion
VELOCITY
• Uniform velocity occurs when the

particle/object travels equal displacements in
equal intervals of time.
• When an object is moving with uniform
velocity between two points, the average
velocity between two points is equal to the
uniform velocity.
• Acceleration is zero.

Chapter
EXAMPLE 3
An insect crawls along the edge of a rectangular

swimming pool of length 27m & width 21m. If it crawls
from corner A to corner B in 30 min.
(a) What is its average speed?
(b) What is the magnitude of its average velocity?

Chapter
SOLUTION
(a) Average speed = total distance travelled
total time taken
21  27  0.027ms 1

30  60 
(b) Average velocity = change of displacement

time taken
212  27 2  0.019ms 1

30  60 

Chapter
ACCELERATION

Chapter
ACCELERATION
• Is rate of change in velocity.

• Vector quantity.
• Unit : ms-2
• An acceleration may due to
 change in velocity (magnitude).
 change in direction (opposite).
 change in both, magnitude and direction.

Chapter
DECELERATION
• Is a negative acceleration.
• The object is slowing down, meaning the
velocity of the object decreases with time.
• Direction of acceleration is opposite to the
direction of the motion or velocity.

Chapter
AVERAGE ACCELERATION
• The rate of change of velocity.

• Its direction is in the same direction of
motion.
• Equation : aav  change of velocity
time interval
v2  v1
a av 
t 2  t1
Δv
a av 
Δt
Chapter
INSTANTANEOUS
ACCELERATION
• The instantaneous rate of change of

velocity / acceleration at a particular
instant of time.
• Equation : limit v
a
t  0 t
dv d 2 s
a  2
dt dt

Chapter
UNIFORM ACCELERATION
• An object moves in uniform acceleration

when the magnitude of velocity changes at
a constant rate and along fixed direction.
dv
 constant
dt
• The acceleration is the same over time.

• Object travels with the same acceleration.

Chapter
EXAMPLE 4
A car travels in a straight line along a road. Its distance,

s is given as a function of time t by the equation:
s(t) = 2.4 t2 – 0.12 t3
a) Calculate the average velocity of the car for the
time interval t = 0 s and t = 10 s.
b) Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the car at
t = 5 s.
c) Calculate the instantaneous acceleration of the
car at t = 5 s.

Chapter
SOLUTION
Given : s(t )  2.4t  0.12t
2 3
Average velocity,
a) At t1 = 0 s,
s (0)  2.4  0   0.12  0 
2 3
 s 2  s1
vav 
s1 = 0 m t 2  t1
120  0

10  0
At t2 = 10 s,
s (10)  2.4  10   0.12  10 
2 3
 12 m s 1
s2 = 120 m

Chapter
SOLUTION
b) Instantaneous velocity,
ds d
v  (2.4t 2  0.12t 3 )
dt dt
v  4.8t  0.36t 2
At t = 5s,
v  4.8(5)  0.36(5) 2
1
v  15 m s

Chapter
c) Instantaneous acceleration,
dv d
a  (4.8t  0.36t 2 )
dt dt
a  4.8  0.72t
At t = 5s,
a  4.8  0.72(5)
2
a  1.2 m s

Chapter
2.1 LINEAR MOTION
b) Discuss the physical meaning of displacement-

time, velocity-time and acceleration-time
graphs.
c) Determine the distance travelled,

displacement, velocity and acceleration from
appropriate graphs.

Chapter
Graphical Method
s-t graph
Horizontal
Non Intersection
line/
horizontal on time axis,
Gradient = 0
Gradient = straight line t  Return
 Object is
velocity  Constant to its
at rest/ not
velocity/ a = original
moving/
0 position
stationary

Chapter
2 --- Kinematics ofDisplacement
Linear Motion– time graph
s (a) Uniform velocity s
(b) The velocity
increases with time
Gradient = Gradient increases

constant with time
0s t t
0
(c) Q
Gradient at point R is negative
R
P Gradient at point Q is zero
The direction of
velocity is changing
The velocity is zero
0 t
Chapter
EXAMPLE 5

Chapter
SOLUTION
 
 
 



Chapter
Graph distance against time
Distance, d (m)
Time, t (s)
Chapter
Graphical Method
v-t graph
Gradient = Horizontal Non

Intersection Area under
(+)ve  line/ horizontal
on time axis, graph =
acceleration Gradient = 0 straight line
t  Object Distance
(-)ve   Constant  Constant
stops travelled
deceleration velocity acceleration

Chapter
2 --- Kinematics of Linear Motion– time graph
Velocity
v v v B
Uniform
C
Uniform velocity acceleration
0 t1 (a) t2 t 0 t1 t 0 t1 t
(b) t2 t2 (c)
Area under the v-t graph = displacement

Gradient = acceleration
 The gradient at point A is positive – a > 0(speeding up)

 The gradient at point B is zero – a= 0
 The gradient at point C is negative – a < 0(slowing down)

Chapter
EXAMPLE 6
s (cm)
A toy train moves slowly 10
along a straight track 8
according to the 6
displacement, s against 4
time, t graph in figure
2
below.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s)
(a) Explain qualitatively the motion of the toy train.
(b) Sketch a velocity (cm s-1) against time (s) graph.
(c) Determine the average velocity for the whole journey.
(d) Calculate the instantaneous velocity at t = 12 s.

Chapter
SOLUTION
(a) 0 to 6 s : The train moves at a constant velocity

of 0.67 cm s1
6 to 10 s : The train stops
10 to 14 s : The train moves in the same direction at a
constant velocity of 1.50 cm s1
(b) p v (cm s1)
1.50
0.68
0 t (s)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Chapter
c. d.
s 2  s1
vav  s 2  s1
t 2  t1 v
t 2  t1
10  0
vav  10  4
14  0 v
14  10
vav  0.714 cm s 1
v  1.50 cm s 1

Chapter
2 --- Kinematics ofAcceleration
Linear Motion– time graph
a ( m s–2)
Positive acceleration
(velocity increase)
Acceleration = 0
- Stationary object
- constant velocity
t (s)
0
Deceleration
- Velocity decrease
- change direction (opposite)

Chapter
EXAMPLE 7
A velocity-time (v-t) graph in figure below shows the motion of a
lift.
v (m s1)
4
2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t (s)
-2
-4
(a) Describe qualitatively the motion of the lift.

(b) Sketch a graph of acceleration (ms-2) against time (s).
(c) Determine the total distance travelled by the lift and its
displacement.
(d) Calculate the average acceleration between 20 s to 40 s.
Chapter
SOLUTION
a) The motion of the lift
0 to 5 s : Lift moves upward from rest with a constant

acceleration of 0.4 ms2.
5 to 15 s: The velocity of the lift increases from 2 ms1 to

4 ms1 but the acceleration decreasing to 0.2 ms2.
15 to 20 s: Lift moving with constant velocity of 4 ms1.
20 to 25 s: Lift decelerates at a constant rate of 0.8 ms2.

Chapter
25 to 30 s: Lift at rest or stationary.
25 to 30 s: Lift at rest or stationary.
30 to 35 s: Lift moves downward with a constant acceleration

of 0.8 ms2.
35 to 40 s: Lift moving downward with constant velocity of

4 ms1.
40 to 50 s: Lift decelerates at a constant rate of 0.4 ms2 and

comes to rest.
Chapter
b) Graph acceleration against time.
a (m s2)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t (s)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

Chapter
c) v (m s1)
4
2
A2 A3
A1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 A35 40 45 50 t (s)
-2 4
A5
-4
Total distance  area under the graph of v-t

 A1  A 2  A 3  A 4  A 5
1
Total distance   2 5  1  2  410  1  5  10 4  1  5 4  1 15  5 4
2 2 2 2 2
Total distance  115 m

Chapter
v (m s1)
4
2
A2 A3
A1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 A35 40 45 50 t (s)
-2 4
A5
-4
Displaceme nt  area under the graph of v-t

 A1  A2  A3  A4  A5
1
Displacement   2 5  1  2  410  1  5  10 4  1  5 4  1 15  5 4
2 2 2 2 2
Displacement  15 m

Chapter
d) The average acceleration between 20 s to 40 s.
v2  v1
aav 
t 2  t1
44
aav 
40  20
aav  0.4 m s 2

Chapter
EXAMPLE 8
A toy car moves with an acceleration of 2 ms–2 from rest for
2.0 s. It then moves with constant velocity for another 3.0 s.
It finally comes to rest after another 1.0 s.
a) Sketch a velocity-time graph to shown the motion of
the toy car.
b) What is the velocity of the toy car after first 2
seconds ?
c) Calculate the deceleration of the car.
d) What is the total displacement of the car for the
whole journey.
e) Sketch the acceleration-time graph for the motion of
toy car.
Chapter
SOLUTION
v ( m s–1) Deceleration
(a)
V decreases from
4 m s–1 to 0 m s–1
4 in 1 s
t (s)
0 2 5 6
(b) Using: v  u  at
 0  2(2)
v  4 m s 1
Chapter
(c) Using: v  u  at
vu 04
a 
t 1
a  4 m s 2
(d) Displacement, s = area under the graph

1
s  (3  6)( 4)
2
s  18 m

Chapter
(e) Acceleration – time graph
a ( m s–2)
t (s)
0 2 5 6
–4

Chapter
EXERCISE 2.1
1. Figure below shows a velocity versus time graph for an object
constrained to move along a line. The positive direction is to
the right.
v (m s1)
2
1
0 t (s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
-2
(a) Describe the motion of the object in 10 s.

(b) Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s-2) against time (s) for the
whole journey.
(c) Calculate the displacement of the object in 10 s. ANS. : 6 m
Chapter
2. A train pulls out of a station and accelerates steadily for 20 s
until its velocity reaches 8 m s1. It then travels at a constant
velocity for 100 s, then it decelerates steadily to rest in a
further time of 30 s.
(a) Sketch a velocity-time graph for the journey.
(b) Calculate the acceleration and the distance travelled in
each part of the journey.
(c) Calculate the average velocity for the journey.
Physics For Advanced Level, 4th edition, Jim Breithaupt,
Nelson Thornes, pg.15, no. 1.11
ANS. : 0.4 m s2,0 m s2,-0.267 m s2, 80 m, 800 m,
120 m; 6.67 m s1.

Chapter
2.2 uniformly
accelerated motion
a) Apply equations of motion with uniform
acceleration:
v  u  at
v  u  2as
2 2
1 2
s  ut  at
2
Chapter
2 --- KinematicsUniformly
of Linear accelerated
Motion motion
vu
a v  u  at (1)
t
velocity
 From the graph,
v The displacement after time,
s = shaded area under the graph
= the area of trapezium
u  Hence,
0 t time 1
s   u  vt (2)
2

Chapter
 By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2) thus
1
s   u   u  at  t
2
1 2
s  ut  at (3)
2
 From eq. (1),  v  u   at
 From eq. (2), 2s multiply
 v  u 
t
 2s 
 v  u  v  u     at 
 t 
v 2  u 2  2as (4)

Chapter
 Notes:
 equations (1) – (4) can be used if the motion in a straight
line with constant acceleration.
 For a body moving at constant velocity, ( a = 0) the
equations (1) and (4) become
vu
Therefore the equations (2) and (3) can be written as
s  vt constant velocity
*Refer to video entitle (1) linear motion for more explanation

Chapter
EXAMPLE 9
A plane on a runway takes 16.2 s over a distance

of 1200 m to take off from rest. Assuming
constant acceleration during take off, calculate
(a) the speed on leaving the ground,
(b) the acceleration during take off.

Chapter
SOLUTION
(a) the speed on leaving the ground,

u0 a ? v?
s  1200 m
t  16.2 s
1
s   u  vt
2
1
1200   0  v 16.2 
2
v  148 m s 1

Chapter
(b) the acceleration during take off.
1 2
v  u  2as
2 2
s  ut  at
2
148 2
 0  2a1200  OR
1
1200  0  a 16.2 
2
a  9.13 m s 2 2
2
a  9.14 m s

Chapter
2 --- Kinematics of LinearEXAMPLE
Motion 10
A park ranger driving on a back country road suddenly

sees a deer ‘frozen’ in his headlights. The ranger, who is
driving at 11.4 m s−1 immediately applies the brakes and
slows with an acceleration of 3.8 m s−2.
(a) If the deer is 20.0 m from the ranger’s vehicle
when the brakes are applied, how close does the
ranger come to hitting the deer?
(b) How much time is needed for the ranger’s vehicle
to stop?

Chapter
SOLUTION
Given: u = 11.4 m s−1 ; a = − 3.80 m s−2 ; v = 0 m s−1
1st find the distance traveled before stopped

Chapter
From: v  u  2as
2 2
(0) 2  (11 .14) 2  2(3.8)( s)

129.96
s  17.1 m
7.6
The distance between the stopped vehicle & deer:
x  20  17.1  2.9 m
(b) Time needed to stop = ?
From: v  u  at
0  11 .4  (3.8)t
t  3.0 s
Chapter
Motion 11
A bus travelling steadily at 30 m s1 along a straight road

passes a stationary car which, 5 s later, begins to move
with a uniform acceleration of 2 m s2 in the same
direction as the bus. Determine
(a) the time taken for the car to acquire the same
velocity as the bus,
(b) the distance travelled by the car when it is level
with the bus.

Chapter
SOLUTION
(a) the time taken for the car to acquire the same velocity as the
bus,
(b) the distance travelled by the car when it is level with the bus.
1 2
v
Given b  30 m s  constant; u c  0; a c  2 ms
Use vc  vb  30 m s 1
vc  u c  a c t c
30  0   2  t c
t c  15 s
Chapter
(b) the distance travelled by the car when it is level with the bus.
vb  30 m s 1 vb vb
b b b
uc  0
a c  2 m s 2 c
c
tb  0 s tb  5 s tb  t
s c  sb
tb  t ; t c  t  5 Therefore
s c  sb sc  vb t
1
sc   30  39.4 
2
uc tc  ac tc  vbtb
2
1 sc  1183 m
0   2  t  5   30 t
2
2
t  39.4 s
Chapter
EXERCISE 2.2
3. A car traveling 90 km h-1 is 100 m behind a truck traveling 75
km h-1. Assuming both vehicles moving at constant velocity,
calculate the time taken for the car to reach the truck.
ANS: 24 s
4. A car driver, travelling in his car at a constant velocity of 8
m s-1, sees a dog walking across the road 30 m ahead. The
driver’s reaction time is 0.2 s, and the brakes are capable of
producing a deceleration of 1.2 m s-2. Calculate the distance
from where the car stops to where the dog is crossing,
assuming the driver reacts and brakes as quickly as possible.
ANS: 1.73 m

Chapter
2.3 projectile motion

a) Describe projectile motion launched at an
angle, as well as special cases when   00
and   90 0
(free fall).
b) Solve problems related to projectile motion.

Chapter
FREE FALL
(  90 )
0

Chapter
2 --- Kinematics ofFREE
Linear Motion
FALL,   90 0
• is defined as the vertical

motion of a body at constant
acceleration, g under
gravitational field without air
resistance (assumption)

Chapter
2 --- Kinematics ofFREE
Linear Motion
FALL,   90 0
• In the earth’s gravitational field, the constant

acceleration
– known as acceleration due to gravity or
free-fall acceleration or gravitational
acceleration
– the value is g = 9.81 m s2
– the direction is towards the centre of the
earth (downward)
a  g
Chapter
 Table below shows the equations of linear motion and freely
falling bodies
Linear motion Freely falling bodies
v  u  at v  u  gt
2 2
v  u  2 as v 2  u 2  2 gs
1 2 1 2
s  ut  at s  ut  gt
2 2
 Sign convention: +
- + a  g
-

Chapter
An example of free falling body:
velocity = 0
u
v vu
Figure 2.5
 Assuming air resistance is negligible, the acceleration of the

ball, a = g when the ball moves upward and its velocity
decreases to zero when the ball reaches the maximum
height, H.
*Refer to video entitle (2) vertical motion (free fall) for more explanation
Chapter
 The graphs in figure below show the motion of
the ball moves up and down.
s v a
H v =0 u
0 t1 t
2t1
0 t1 t
2t1
0 t u g
t1 2t1
s-t graph v-t graph a-t graph

Chapter
Motion 12
A student drops a ball from the top of a tall

building, it takes 2.8 s for the ball to reach the
ground.
(a)What was the ball’s speed just before
hitting the ground?
(b)What is the height of the building ?

Chapter
SOLUTION
Given :
u = 0 m s–1 (dropped) ; t = 2.8 s ;
free fall motion, g = 9.81 m s–2
(a) v  u  gt
v  0  (9.81)( 2.8)
v  27.47 m s 1
* (Minus sign – indicates that v is downward)

Chapter
1 2
(b) s  ut  gt
2
1
s  0  (9.81)( 2.8) 2
2
s  38.46 m
-ve : displacement is downward

Chapter
Motion 13
A book is dropped 150 m from the ground. Determine

(a) the time taken for the book reaches the ground.
(b) the velocity of the book when it reaches the
ground.
(given g = 9.81 m s-2)

Chapter
SOLUTION
(a) The vertical displacement is sy = 150 m

Hence
1 2
s y  u y t  gt uy = 0 m s1
2
1
 150  0   9.81 t 2
2
s y  150 m
t  5.53 s 150 m

Chapter
(b) The book’s velocity is given by
v y  u y  gt
uy  0
v y  0   9.81 5.53
v y  54.2 m s 1
OR
s y  150 m 2 2
v y  u y  2 gs y
v y  0  2 9.81  150 
2
vy  ?
v y  54.2 m s 1
Therefore the book’s velocity is 54.2 m s1 downwards

Chapter
Motion 14
A boy throws a stone straight upward with an

initial speed of 15 m s–1. What maximum height
will the stone reach before falling back down ?

Chapter
SOLUTION
At maximum height, object’s velocity is zero for

an instant (v = 0 m s–1)
v  u  2 gs
2 2
(0)  (15)  2(9.81) s

2 2
225
s
19.62
s  11.47 m

Chapter
Motion 15
A stone is thrown vertically downward at an

initial speed of 14 m s–1 from a height of 65 m
above the ground.
(a) How far does the stone travel in 2 s ?
(b) What is its velocity just before it hits
the ground ?

Chapter
SOLUTION
Given : u = –14 m s–1 ; g = 9.81 m s–2 ; t = 2 s

(a) Using free fall equation :
1 2
s  ut  gt
2
1
s  (14)( 2)  (9.81)( 2) 2
2
s  28  19.62
s  47.62 m

Chapter
(b) Assume the velocity just before hitting the ground = v
v  u  2 gs
2 2
v 2  (14) 2  2(9.81)( 65)
v  1471.3
2
1
v  38.36 ms

Chapter
Motion 16
A small pebble is thrown upward from a cliff with an

initial velocity 20 m s-1. Calculate
(a) Maximum height reached.
(b) Time taken to reach a point 25 m below the
initial point.

Chapter
SOLUTION
(a) At max height, v = 0 m s–1
v  u  2 gs
2 2
(0) 2  (20) 2  2(9.81) s

400
s
19.62
 20.39 m
(above release point )

Chapter
(b) Given : s = – 25 m ( below initial point )
1 2
From: s  ut  gt
2
1 2
 25  20t  (9.81)t
2
4.905t 2  20 t  25  0
t  5.1 s ( ve value only)

Chapter
Motion 17
A ball is thrown straight upwards with an initial velocity

of 15 m s1 from the roof of a building. The building is 40
m high. Calculate
(a) the maximum height of the ball from the ground
(b) the time taken for the ball returns to the original level
(c) the time taken for the ball strikes the ground if it
misses the edge of the roof
(d) the velocity of the ball just before strike the ground.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)

Chapter
SOLUTION
1
: u  15 m s
B
a. At point B (highest point), v = 0 and s = h thus
v 2  u 2  2 gs
0  15  2 9.81 h
2
h
u
A C
h  11.5 m
Therefore the maximum height H from the ground is
H  h  40
 11.5  40
40 m
H  51.5 m
b. From point A to C, s = 0 m thus
1 2
s  ut  gt
2 1
D 0  15 t   9.81 t 2 t  3.06 s
2
Chapter
c. From point A to D, s= 40 m thus
B 1 2
s  ut  gt
2
1
u  40  15 t   9.81 t 2
A C 2
4.91t 2  15t  40  0
a b c
2
 b  b  4ac
 40 m By using t 
s 2a Time don’t
t  4.77 s OR  1.71 s have
negative
D value.

Chapter
d. Time taken from A to D is t = 4.77 s thus
B v  u  gt
 15   9.81 4.77 
u v  31.8 m s 1
A C
OR
From A to D, s = 40 m
v  u  2 gs
2 2

v  15  2 9.81  40 
40 m 2 2
s
1
v  31.8 m s
Therefore the ball’s velocity at D is 31.8 m s1
D
downwards
Chapter
2 --- Kinematics of LinearEXERCISE
Motion 2.3.1
1. A ball is thrown directly downward, with an initial speed of
8.00 m s1, from a height of 30.0 m. Calculate
(a) the time taken for the ball to strike the ground,
(b) the ball’s speed when it reaches the ground.
ANS: 1.79 s; 25.6 m s1
2. A falling stone takes 0.30 s to travel past a window 2.2 m tall

as shown in figure below.
From what height above to travel
this
Distance
the top of the windows took 0.30 s
2.2 m
did the stone fall?
ANS: 1.75 m
Chapter
PROJECTILE
MOTION

Chapter

Chapter
Projectile Motion
• Projectile means it is projected or launched.
• A projectile is an object moving in 2-D under the

influence of Earth's gravity; its path is a parabola.

Chapter
Projectile Motion
• consists of two components:
– vertical component (y-comp.)
• motion under constant acceleration, ay= g
– horizontal component (x-comp.)
• motion with constant velocity thus ax= 0

Chapter
Projectile Motion
EQUATION X-COMPONENT Y-COMPONENT

ax  0 ay   g
vx  u x  a x t vy  u y  a yt
v  u  at vx  u x   0  t vy  u y    g  t
vx  u x v y  u y  gt
vx  u x  2a x s x
2 2
v y  u y  2a y s y
2 2
vx  u x  2  0  s x v y  u y  2   g  s y
2 2 2 2
v  u  2as
2 2
vx  u x
2 2
v y  u y  2 gs y
2 2
vx  u x
Chapter
Projectile Motion
EQUATION X-COMPONENT Y-COMPONENT

ax  0 ay   g
1 2 1 2
1 2 sx  u x t  ax t sy  u yt  ayt
s  ut  at 2 2
2 1 1
sx  u x t   0  t 2 sy  u yt    g  t 2
2 2
sx  u x t 1 2
s y  u y t  gt
2
1 1 1
s   u  v t s x   u x  vx  t sy   u y  vy  t
2 2 2
Chapter
Projectile Motion
y
B
v1y v1 v
P
1
Q v2x
v1x
sy=H 2
u v2y
v2
uy
A  C
x
ux t1
sx= R t2

Chapter
Projectile Motion
 Velocities at points P and Q.
Velocity Point P Point Q
x-comp. v1x  u x  u cos θ v2 x  u x  u cos θ

y-comp. v1 y  u y  gt1 v2 y  u y  gt 2
 v1x    v1 y  v2   v2 x    v2 y 
2 2
magnitude v1  2 2
 v1 y   v2 y 
direction θ1  tan  1
 θ2  tan  1

 v1x   v2 x 
*Refer to video entitle (3) projectile motion for more explanation
Chapter
Motion 18
A tennis ball is thrown upward from the top of a

building with velocity 15 m s-1 at an angle 30 to the
horizontal. The height of the building is 40 m. Calculate
(a) the maximum height of the ball from the ground.
(b) the magnitude of the velocity of the ball just
before it strikes the ground. (given g = 9.81 m s-2)

Chapter
SOLUTION
(a) the maximum height of the ball from the ground.
(b) the magnitude of the velocity of the ball just before it strikes
the ground. (given g = 9.81 m s-2)
u = 15 m s1 u x  u cos 30 

30  15cos 30
 13.0 m s 1
ax  0
u y  u sin 30
h  40 m ay   g H  ?  15sin 30
 7.50 m s 1
v?

Chapter
a. v vx  v
sy
u vy  0
30
H ?
h  40 m
apply:
v y  u y  2a y s y Therefore
2 2
H  sy  h
0   7.50   2  9.81 s y
2
 2.87  40
s y  2.87 m
H  42.9 m
Chapter
2 --- Kinematics
u
of Linear Motion
b. 30
s y  40 m
h  40 m
vx
apply: vy
1 v?
vx  u x  13.0 m s Therefore
Use:
v  vx  v y
2 2
v y  u y  2a y s y
2 2
  13.0    29.0 
2 2
  7.50   2  9.81  40 
2
v y  29.0 m s 1 v  31.8 m s 1

Chapter
Motion 19
Figure shows a ball thrown by superman with an initial
speed, u = 200 m s-1 and makes an angle, = 60.0 to
the horizontal.
y
H
u
 = 60.0 P v1x x
O
R
v1y v1 v2x
Q
v2y v2
Chapter
Determine
(a) the position of the ball, and the magnitude
and direction of its velocity, when t = 2.0 s.
(b) the time taken for the ball reaches the maximum
height, H and calculate the value of H.
(c) the horizontal range, R
(d) the magnitude and direction of its velocity when
the ball reaches the ground (point P).
(e) the position of the ball, and the magnitude and
direction of its velocity at point Q if the ball was hit
from a flat-topped hill with the time at point Q is
45.0 s. (given g = 9.81 m s-2)
Chapter
SOLUTION
The component of Initial velocity :
u x  200 cos 60.0  100 m s 1

1
u y  200 sin 60.0  173 m s


Chapter
(a) Position of the ball when t = 2.0 s ,
Horizontal component :
s x  u xt
s x  100  2.00 
s x  200 m from point O
Vertical component :
1 2
2
1
s y  173 2.00    9.81 2.00  2
2
s y  326 m above the ground
therefore the position of the ball is (200 m, 326 m)

Chapter
(a) Magnitude and direction of ball’s velocity at t = 2.0 s,
Horizontal component : v x  u x  100 m s 1
Vertical component : v y  u y  gt
v y  173   9.81 2.00 
v y  153 m s 1
Magnitude, v  v x2  v 2y  100 2  153 2
v  183 m s 1
Direction,
y
1 
vy  1  153 
 
θ  tan    tan  
 vx   100 
v 
56.8 θ  56.8
x
Chapter
(b) At the maximum height, H: v y  0
Thus the time taken to reach maximum height is given by
v y  u y  gt
0  173   9.81 t
t  17.6 s
Maximum height, H
Apply
1
2
1
H  17317.6    9.8117.6  2
2
H  1525 m
Chapter
(c) Flight time = 2(the time taken to reach the maximum height)
t  217.6 
t  35.2 s
Hence the horizontal range, R is
sx  u xt
R  100  35.2 
R  3520 m
(d) When the ball reaches point P thus s y  0
The velocity of the ball at point P, 1
Horizontal component: v1 x  u x  100 m s
Vertical component: v1 y  u y  gt
v1 y  173   9.81 35.2 
v1 y  172 m s 1
Chapter
Magnitude, v1  v  v 2
1x
2
1y
 100    172 
2 2
v1 
1
v1  200 m s
 v1 y 
1
Direction, θ  tan  
 v1x  y
x
1  172 
θ  tan    60.0
 100  v1
θ  60.0
Chapter
(e) The time taken from point O to Q is 45.0 s.
Position of the ball when t = 45.0 s,
Horizontal component : s x  u x t
s x  100  45.0 
s x  4500 m from point O
1 2
Vertical component : s y  u y t  gt
2 1
s y  173 45.0    9.81 45.0 
2
2
s y  2148 m below the ground
therefore the position of the ball is (4500 m, 2148 m)

Chapter
magnitude and direction of ball’s velocity at t = 45.0 s ,
1
Horizontal component : v2 x  u x  100 m s
Vertical component : v2 y  u y  gt
v2 y  173   9.81 45.0 
v2 y  269 m s 1

Chapter
Magnitude,
v2  v  v 2
2x
2
2y
v2  100     269 
2 2
v2  287 m s 1
 v2 y 
Direction, θ  tan 
1

 v2 x 
 269 
1 
θ  tan   y
 100 
x
θ  69.6 
 69.6
v2
Chapter
HORIZONTAL
PROJECTILE
(  0 )
0

Chapter

Chapter

Chapter
 A ball bearing rolling off the end of a table with an initial
velocity, u in the horizontal direction.
u u sx
vx
 vy v
h sy s
A B
x
 Horizontal component : v elo c ity , u  u  v  c o n s tan t
x x
displacement, sx  x
 Vertical component : initial velocity, u  0
y
displacement, s y   h
Chapter
Time taken for the ball to reach the floor (point B), t
1 2
2
1 2
 h  0  gt
2
2h
t
g

Chapter
Horizontal displacement, x
 Use condition:
The time taken for = The time taken for

the ball free fall to the ball to reach
point A point B
s x  u xt and sx  x
 2h 
x  u 
 g 
 
 Note :
 In solving any calculation problem about projectile
motion, the air resistance is negligible.

Chapter
Motion 20
A transport plane travelling at a constant velocity of 50

m s1 at an altitude of 300 m releases a parcel when
directly above a point X on level ground. Calculate
a) the flight time of the parcel,
b) the velocity of impact of the parcel,
c) the distance from X to the point of impact.
(given g = 9.81 m s-2)

Chapter
SOLUTION
u  50 m s 1
300 m
X
d
The parcel’s velocity = plane’s velocity, u  50 m s 1

1
Thus : u x  u  50 m s and u y  0 m s 1

Chapter
a) The vertical displacement is given by, s y  300 m
Thus the flight time of the parcel is

1 2
2
1
 300  0   9.81 t 2
2
t  7.82 s

Chapter
b) The components of velocity of impact of the parcel:
1
Horizontal component: x v  u x  50 m s
Vertical component: v y  u y  gt
v y  0   9.81 7.82 
v y  76.7 m s 1
Magnitude, v  v x2  v 2y   50 2    76.7  2

v  91.6 m s 1
Direction, y
1 
vy     76.7 
θ  tan    tan 
 1
 x
 vx   50   56.9
θ  56.9  v2
Chapter
c) Let the distance from X to the point of impact is d.
Thus the distance, d is given by
s x  u xt
d   50  7.82 
d  391 m

Chapter
2 --- Kinematics of LinearEXERCISE
Motion 2.3.2
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2
1. A basketball player who is 2.00 m tall is standing on the floor
10.0 m from the basket, as in figure 2.13. If he shoots the ball
at a 40.0 angle above the horizontal, at what initial speed must
he throw so that it goes through the hoop without striking the
backboard? The basket height is 3.05 m. ANS. : 10.7 m s1

Chapter
2. An apple is thrown at an angle of 30 above the horizontal
from the top of a building 20 m high. Its initial speed is 40 m
s1. Calculate
a. the time taken for the apple to strikes the ground,
b. the distance from the foot of the building will it strikes the
ground,
c. the maximum height reached by the apple from the
ground.
ANS. : 4.90 s; 170 m; 40.4 m
3. A stone is thrown from the top of one building toward a tall

building 50 m away. The initial velocity of the ball is 20 m s1 at
40 above the horizontal. How far above or below its original
level will the stone strike the opposite wall?
ANS. : 10.3 m below the original level
Chapter
Additional video references:
Video 1: What is free fall
Video 2: What is projectile motion

Chapter
THE END…
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 3 :
Force, Momentum and Impulse

2.0 - L - SP015 - Kinematics of Linear Motion

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Chapter

2.1 Linear motion.

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

One dimensional (1-D) motion

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

Scalar quantity Vector quantity

Meter (m) Meter (m)

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

You walk from your house to friend’s house

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

(i) The distance travelled,

(ii) The displacement,

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

An object P moves 30 m to the east after

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

Scalar quantity Vector quantity

total distance travelled

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

• The rate of change of displacement

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

• The instantaneous rate of change of

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

• Uniform velocity occurs when the

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

An insect crawls along the edge of a rectangular

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

(b) Average velocity = change of displacement

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

• Is rate of change in velocity.

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

• The rate of change of velocity.

• The instantaneous rate of change of

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

• An object moves in uniform acceleration

• The acceleration is the same over time.

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

A car travels in a straight line along a road. Its distance,

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

b) Discuss the physical meaning of displacement-

c) Determine the distance travelled,

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

Gradient = Gradient increases

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

Gradient = Horizontal Non

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

Area under the v-t graph = displacement

 The gradient at point A is positive – a > 0(speeding up)

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION