TRUTH TABLES 

Learning Outcomes
• Describe the truth values of
compound proposition for all
combinations
• Construct the truth tables of
propositions and compound
propositions
2
• It Truth Tables
The truth values of a
Logic
proposition built up
from other
propositions by using
required connectives
which are respectively
determined by truth Aristotle
Father of Logic
values of original (384 BCE - 322 BCE)

propositions. 3
 TRUTH VALUE
Each of the logical connectives, such as negation,
conjunction, disjunction, conditional, and
bi-conditional have the following truth values.
Proposition Negation Conjunction Disjunction Conditional Bi-conditional

p q ~p p  q p  q p  q p  q
T T F T T T T
T F F F T F F
F T T F T T F
F F T F F T T
 TRUTH VALUE
Example: Determine the truth value of the following
proposition.
1. It is sunny outside if and only if I carry an umbrella
implies that is not sunny outside but I carry an umbrella.
2. Either it is not sunny outside or I drive to work implies
that it is raining.

Solution: Each proposition can be broken down into the

following simple propositions.

Let p – It is sunny outside r – I drive to work.

q – I carry an umbrella s – It is raining.
1. It is sunny outside if and only if I carry an umbrella
implies that is not sunny outside but I carry an umbrella.
( p  q )  (p  q )

p q pq ~p p  q ( p  q )  (p  q )

T T T F F F
T F F F F T
F T F T T T

F F T T F F
 TRUTH VALUE
TAKE NOTE OF THE FOLLOWING:

CONJUNCTION () – ONE “F” – FALSE

DISJUNCTION () – ONE “T” – TRUE

CONDITIONAL () – IF “T” THEN “F” – FALSE

BI-CONDITIONAL () – BOTH TRUE

AND – TRUE
BOTH FALSE
2. Either it is not sunny outside or I drive to work implies
that it is raining. (p  r )  s
p r s p p  r (p  r )  s
T T T F T T
T T F F T F
T F T F F T
T F F F F T
F T T T T T
F T F T T F
F F T T T T
F F F T T F
 Tautology and Logical Equivalent

Compound propositions can be classified into TAUTOLOGY,

CONTRADICTION and CONTINGENCY.
A proposition is satisfiable if it is true at least once.

A compound proposition is tautology if it is true for all truth

value assignments of the involved simple propositions. A
tautology is valid proposition.

A compound proposition is a contradiction if it is false for all

truth value assignments of the involved simple propositions.

A contingency is neither a tautology nor a contradiction.

TAUTOLOGY
TAUTOLOGY
CONTRADICTIO
N
CONTRADICTIO
N
CONTINGENCY
CONTINGENCY
TRUTH VALUE

EXERCISE page 41

ANSWER “Test Your

understanding” numbers 1
-5
CONDITIONAL PROPOSITION
- Is composed of two parts “antecedent” or
hypothesis and “consequent” or conclusion. It is
usually written using the words
IF… THEN or IMPLIES
1. The square has congruent sides.
If the polygon is a square then it has congruent
sides.

antecedent – the polygon is a square

consequent – it has congruent side
CONDITIONAL PROPOSITION

2. Professors in the university do

research.
If you are a professor in the university
then you do research.

antecedent – You are a professor

in the university.
consequent – You do research.
CONVERSE, INVERSE AND
CONTRAPOSITIVE
The converse of a conditional proposition is
formed by interchanging the position of the
antecedent and consequent.

The inverse of a conditional proposition is

formed by negating the antecedent and
consequent.

The contrapositive of a conditional proposition is

formed by getting the inverse of converse.
 example
1. The square has congruent sides.

CP: If the polygon is a square then it has

congruent sides.
CV: If the polygon has congruent sides then
then it is a square.
IP: If the polygon is not a square then it
doesn't have congruent sides.
CT: If the polygon doesn’t have congruent
side then it is not a square.
 Exercise

On yellow paper answer the exercises on

page 39