ORA000403 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Principle ISSUE1.0 (Old)

ORA000403 CDMA2000
1xEV-DO principle
ISSUE 1.0
Wireless Curriculum Development Section

Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Abstract of Air interface
Chapter 3 New Technology
Chapter 4 Important Number
2
Confidential Information of
Huawei. Security Level: Internal
Development of CDMA
CDMA2000
3X
CDMA2000 1X
307.2kbps
IS95A IS95B Heavier voice
9.6kbps 115.2kbps service CDMA2000 CDMA2000
capacity 1X EV 1X EV
1995 1998 Longer period 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV
of standby time
2000
2003 2005
 Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

 Higher packet data rate and more diversified services
3
CDMA 1X EV-DO Networking
MIP HA
AN/PCF PDSN/FA INTERNET

Abis
BTS A10/A11
Um
SDH
A10/A11
BTS AAA
AT A12
A13
BTS
Um
A12
PS·
AN-AAA
BTS3601 BTS
AT AN/PCF
Abis
BTS
Softsite
4
System Protocol Stack
User BSC IP
BTS PDSN Server
Device Function Router
Application
TCP/UDP
IP IP IP
PPP
RLP
1xEV
Air link
5
Course Contents
6
 2.1 Overview
 2.2 Forward link
 2.3 Reverse link
7
CDMA 1X EV DO Protocol Stack
Application Layer
Stream Layer
Session Layer Explanation:

CDMA 1X EV DO Application Layer - Airlink packet
and signaling applications.
Connection Layer Stream Layer - Multiplexing of applications with
different QoS.
Session Layer - Protocol negotiation, Configuration,
Security Layer Session state maintenance.
Connection Layer - Airlink connection establishment
and maintenance.
MAC Layer Security Layer - Authentication and encryption
services.
Physical Layer MAC Layer - Procedures for receive and transmit

over the physical layer.
Physical Layer - Channel structure, freq., power,
modulation and encoding.
8
Channels
CDMA 1X
EV-DO RTT
Forward Reverse
Medium
Pilot Access Traffic Control Traffic Access
Control
Revers Reverse Medium

e DRC Power Pilot Access Data ACK Pilot Data
Activit Lock Control Control
y
Reverse Data
Rate Rate
Indicator Control
9
 2.1 Overview
10
TDM of Forward Channel
Frame(80/3 ms length)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Data MAC Pilot MAC Data Data MAC Pilot MAC Data
400chips 64chips 96chips 64chips 400chips 400chips 64chips 96chips 64chips 400chips
Half slot (1024 chips) Half slot (1024 chips)

Slot (5/3 ms length)
Active Slot
Null MAC Pilot MAC Null Null MAC Pilot MAC Null
64chips 96chips 64chips 64chips 96chips 64chips
Idle Slot 11
Time-Division Multiplexing
A single user is served at any instant:

• No power sharing, entire sector power allocated to one user
• Data rate is dynamically adapted as a function of user SINR
• Uses Rate control v/s Power Control to achieve high spectral
efficiency
Access Point always transmits at full power:

• Very high peak rates for users that are in a good coverage area
• Data throughput maximized by efficient use of sector power
12
Forward Physical Channels
AP
Pilot Channel All 0 Bit Pilot Pilot Pilot
Traffic Channel
Data stream Data Data Data
Control Channel
RPC
DRC Lock Bit stream MAC MAC MAC MAC
RA
400chips 64chips 96chips 64chips 400chips 400chips 64chips 96chips 64chips 400chips 13
Discontinuous Pilot Burst
Pilot Time Division Multiplexed with Traffic/Control and MAC

channels
• Transmitted at pre-determined positions within a slot
• Pilot power is more than other channels
Advantageous of burst pilot transmitted at constant AP power :

• Aids very accurate Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise-ratio (SINR)
estimation
Pilot received only in presence of pilots from other sectors:

• Unaffected by data transmissions
Pilot Pilot
96chips 96chips
14
Traffic Channel VS Control Channel
Traffic Channel and Control Channel are time Traffic Channel
division multiplexed as shown right. Data stream
Traffic Channel transmits user data. But Control Channel
Control Channel transmits signaling and Traffic Channel
overhead message. Traffic Data
Data packet that is called CC capsules is Control Channel
Transmitted at either 38.4kbps or 76.8kbps on Traffic Channel
Control Channel. Control Data
CC capsules classification: Control Channel
 Synchronous CC capsules transmitted every
256 slots.
 Asynchronous CC capsules may be
transmitted on at any time. An SC with 2 MAC
Offset Offset
Synchronous CC capsule include: Layer packets
 Sync msg: CDMA system time, Sector

PNOffset
 QuickConfig msg: SectorID, ColorCode,
SC AC SC AC
Sector & Access Signature
 SectorParameters msg: Position, Time,
Neighbor List, Subnet mask Control Channel Cycle Control Channel Cycle
 Paging message (256 slots = 426.66 ... ms) (256 slots = 426.66 ... ms)
Asynchronous CC capsules include:

 Other signaling SC: Synchronous Control Channel capsule.
AC: Asynchronous Control Channel capsule.
15
Traffic Channel Data Rate
Same as the CDMA 1X RC, EV-DO defines several rate set as shown following
table. Forward data rate is requested by AT. AT send requirement via DRC
channel.
Approximate
Values per Physical Layer Packet
Coding
Data Number of
Physical Number of
Rate Modulation Modulation
Max layer Total Full Actuall- Repeti-
(kbps) Symbol Symbols in
Number packet Modulation Sequence y Code tion
Unit Size Last Partial
of Slots size Symbols Trans- Rate Factor
(bits) Trans-
(bits) missions
mission
38.4 16 1,024 2,560 24,576 9 1,536 1/5 9.6

76.8 8 1,024 2,560 12,288 4 2,048 1/5 4.8
153.6 4 1,024 2,560 6,144 2 1,024 1/5 2.4
307.2 2 1,024 2,560 3,072 1 512 1/5 1.2
614.4 1 1,024 1,536 1,536 1 0 1/3 1
307.2 4 2,048 3,072 6,272 2 128 1/3 2.04
614.4 2 2,048 3,072 3,136 1 64 1/3 1.02
1,228.8 1 2,048 3,072 1,536 0 1,536 2/3 1
921.6 2 3,072 3,072 3,136 1 64 1/3 1.02
1,843.2 1 3,072 3,072 1,536 0 1,536 2/3 1
1,228.8 2 4,096 3,072 3,136 1 64 1/3 1.02
2,457.6 1 4,096 3,072 1,536 0 1,536 2/3 1
16
Modulation
Physical Layer Parameters
Data Rates (kbps) 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 307.2 614.4 614.4 921.6 1228.8 1228.8 1843.2 2457.6
Modulation Type QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 8 PSK QPSK 16QAM 8 PSK 16QAM
Bits per
1024 1024 1024 1024 2048 1024 2048 3072 2048 4096 3072 4096
Encoder Packet
Code Rate 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
Encoder Packet 26.67 13.33 6 .67 3.33 6.67 1.67 3.33 3.33 1.67 3.33 1.67 1.67
Duration (ms)
Max. # of Slots 16 8 4 2 4 1 2 2 1 2 1 1
17
Forward Link Coding
 Turbo encoded packet is scrambled and block interleaved

 Systematic code symbols followed by parity symbols
 High SINR
 Number of code symbols in first slot may be less than total
code symbols in the packet
 Higher effective code rate is achieved by truncation of parity bits
 coding gains due to incremental transmission of parity bits

 Low SINR
 All code symbols are transmitted followed by repetitions
 coding gains by simple repetition of a basic 1/5 rate code.
18
Link Adaptation Scheme
 AT Requested Data Rate determines

 modulation scheme (QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM)
 code rate
 preamble length
 Preamble aids AT in detecting start of a packet
 maximum # of slots required for transmission
 if the AP chooses to serve the AT then the AT knows exactly what rate it would
be served at
 With multiple terminals, a scheduler determines the order in which terminals are
19
served.
Physical Layer packet Size
In EV-DO RTT, protocol defines 4
types Physical Layer Packet. But
how to convert it to Modulation
Symbol Unit? See following
slides.
20
Process
Physical Channel Modulation Modulation Puncturing

layer Coding Scrambling Interleaving QPSK/8PSK/1 Symbol Unit (Optional step)
packet 1/3 or 1/5 6QAM
Physical layer Encoder Puncturing Modulation Symbol

Slot Number
packet rate Ratio Unit
1024 1/5 0% 2560 16/8/4/2
1024 1/3 0% 1536 1
2048 1/3 0% 3072 4/2
2048 1/3 50% 3072 1
4096 1/3 0% 3072 2
4096 1/3 50% 3072 1

21
Symbol Stream
After puncturing, Symbol stream will insert into one or more slots’ Data
field. Before transmission, first slot will add a preamble head. Preamble
is all 0 bit. It spread by 32 – ary walsh code. System used different walsh
code to distinguish user’s data. See below figure.
Symbol stream unit
Preamble Data MAC & Pilot Data Data MAC & Pilot Data Data
First slot
PreambleData MAC Pilot MAC Data Data MAC Pilot MAC Data
X chips X chips 64chips 96chips 64chips 400chips 400chips 64chips 96chips 64chips 400chips
Interval slot
Finally slot
Data MAC Pilot MAC Data Data MAC Pilot MAC Null
400chips 64chips 96chips 64chips 400chips X chips 64chips 96chips 64chips 22
Forward Interlace Structure
Forward User Data Burst are distinguished by different colors

• Long Data burst exceeding the 1 slot are interlaced 4-slots apart
• Data streams on different interlace offsets are sent to one or
more users.
• A single user may receive a maximum of 4 data streams
simultaneously User1 Burst User2 Burst User4 Burst
Data Burst
1/1 2/1 1/2 2/2 3/2 1/3 1/4 2/4 1/5 1/6
Actual slot
1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 2/1 2/2 1/5 2/4 1/6 3/2
4 – SLOT Interlace 23
MAC Channels
MAC channel include three sub- channel.

Reverse Power Control Channel and DRC Lock Sub-channel are time division
multiplexed at one certain walsh code channel. This walsh code is called MAC
index.Two channels is dedicate channel. They belong to one user.
Reverse Power Control Channel is same as IS95 system, but control speed is
slower than old one. It is about 600 times per second.
DRC Lock Sub-channel transmitted every 8 or 16 slots and repeat 4 or 8 times. If AP can’t
demodulate one AT’s reverse channel, the AP will set DRC Lock bit to 0.
RA Sub-channel is common channel. It indicate one sector reverse load.
Repetition Cycle 4 or 8 times Repetition Cycle 4 or 8 times
DRC period 8 or 16 slots
RPC RPC
DRC Lock RPC & RA DRC Lock DRC Lock & RA
RA RA
24
MAC Index
RA Sub-channel and DRC Lock Sub-channel/RPC Sub-channel

are code division multiplexed by different walsh code. This walsh
code is called MAC index. The assignment of MAC Index is shown
in below table.
MAC Index MAC Channel code Preamble Mapping
0&1 Not Used Not Used
2 Not Used 76.8 kbps Control Channel
3 Not Used 36.4 kbps Control Channel
4 RA Sub-channel Not Used
5 Not Used Broadcast
RPC & DRC Lock Sub- For corresponding traffic

6-63
channel channel
25
 2.1 Overview
26
Reverse Physical Channels
Acces
16 Pilot Pilot
w 0 s Pilot
Access Data Probe Access Data
w 16
Pilot Pilot Pilot
0 Pilot RRI
RRI RRI RRI
1 frame 16 Slots = 26.67 ms
1.67 ms
1 Slot = 2048 Chips 256 chips
for RRI 1792 chips for Pilot
16 Slots = 26.67 ms
w 16
8 DRC
1.67 ms
16 Slots = 26.67 ms
1.67 ms
w 42 Traffic
1.67 ms
16 Slots = 26.67 ms
w 84 ACK
27
Confidential Information
1/2ofSlot
Huawei. Security Level: Internal1.67 ms
Reverse Link
Pilot-Aided, coherently demodulated reverse

link
Traditional IS-95 power control mechanisms
Traditional IS-95 soft handoffs
1xEV reverse link user data rate options:

 9.6, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, 153.6 kbps
 Maximum allowed transmit data rate is
dynamically adapted based on Sector Loading
information transmitted by AP
28
Access Process
 Synchronous CC capsule broadcast:

 AccessParameters msg: Access Cycle Duration, Power parameters and
Persistence values
 Default max. number of probe sequences = 3
 Num. Probes per sequence = [1, 15]
 Initial probe power determined by OpenLoop power control
 PowerStep range 0, 0.5,…, 7.5dB (3dB typical)
p p p
persistence
persistence
persistence
s ...
probe 1 2 3 Np 1 2 3 Np 1 2 3 Np
Time
probe
sequence
1 2 ... Ns
29
Reverse Traffic Link Rate Set
Physical Layer Parameters
Data Rates (kbps) 9.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6
Modulation Type
BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
Bits per Encoder Packet
Code Rate 256 512 1024 2048 4096
Encoder Packet
Duration (ms) 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/2
Number of Slots
26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67
16 16 16 16 16
30
Reverse Link Rate Control
 Autonomous rate change by the AT based on Reverse Activity Bit
(RAB) broadcast by each sector in the AT’s active set
 Probabilistic Rate Determination at the AT
 Logical OR operation of all RAB’s in its active set
 If RAB=1 (busy), reduces to next lower rate with prob. q
 If RAB=0 (not busy), increases to next higher rate with prob. p
 Probabilities p, q depend on the current rate
 Maintains current rate with prob. (1-p) or, (1-q) respectively
P1 P2 P3 P4
Not 9.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6

Busy kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps
q1 q2 q3 q4
9.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6

Busy
kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps
31
RRI, DRC and ACK Channel
 Three Channel are dedicate control channel
 RRI Sub-Channel and DRC Sub-Channel composed reverse
MAC Channel.
 RRI Channel :AT indicates the reverse traffic data rate to
AP.
 DRC Channel :AT indicate requirement of forward data rate
to the target AP .
 DRC Channel include two field :DRC value and DRC cover.
 DRC value indicate data rate. The requirement of data rate
based on the best serving sector’s predicate SINR.
 DRC cover indicate target AP (sector).
 ACK Channel – Acknowledges correctly received Forward
link packets.
32
DRC Channel and ACK Channel
 Information of
Confidential realize
Security Level: Internal H-ARQ functions.
Huawei.
Course Contents
33
Hybrid-ARQ : Target
 AT predicts forward link SINR and the achievable data rate

 To achieve the target packet error rate (PER) in certain mobile channels,
AT may request a conservative data rate (DRC).
 Conservative DRC may result in large excess SINR of the received
packet
 a higher data rate packet could have been successfully decoded.
 Turbo-encoded packets constructed such that successive slot
transmissions (of a given packet) add
 Incremental Parity bits and/or
 Repeated symbols
 Decode possible with each successive transmission
 Likelihood of decode increases as the number of slots increases
 Early-decode achieves higher transmitted data rate and improves
spectral efficiency
34
Hybrid-ARQ : Realize
 Forward link multi-slot packet transmissions interlaced in 4 slots

 Allows AT time to decode packets and send ACK/NAK indication back to
base station
 Interlaced packets may be destined to one or multiple users
 Reverse link ACK mechanism
 As soon as the access terminal has decoded a physical layer packet
successfully, it sends an ACK bit to the serving sector
 The serving sector then stops sending that physical layer packet and moves
on to the next physical layer packet
 If ACK is not received, scheduler transmits the maximum slots for that
packet
 Four independent ARQ streams can be used by a single or multiple terminals
 No peak throughput loss for a given Access Terminal
 Requires more memory at the Access Terminal
35
Multi-slot packet with Normal termination
DRC
value
requests
153.6
kbps
R-DRC
Chann
el
One half
slot
offset
1st Slot 2ndSlot 3thSlot 4thSlot

F-
Traffic
Chann n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5 n+6 n+7 n+8 n+9 n+10 n+12 n+14 n+15
n+11 n+13
el
Decode
Decode Failed Decode Failed Decode Failed Successful
R-ACK
Chann
el NA NA NA AC
3 Slots delay K K K K
36
Multi-slot packet with Early termination
DRC
value
requests
153.6
kbps
R-DRC
Chann
el
One half
slot
offset
1st Slot 2ndSlot 3thSlot 1stSlot

F-
Traffic
Chann n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5 n+6 n+7 n+8 n+9 n+10 n+12 n+14 n+15
n+11 n+13
el
Decode
Decode Failed Decode Failed Successful
R-ACK
Chann
el NA NA AC
3 Slots delay K K K
37
Virtual Soft Handoff
 “Virtual Soft Handoff”: AT only receive the data from best one AP, so AT
can’t get soft handoff gain from forward link. But in reverse link, soft
handoff is same as IS95 system.
 All AP receive AT’s data composed a PN set. It is called Reverse Active
Set.
 Shown as following figure ,Access terminal measures (C/I)A > (C/I)B
requests data from APA first. If (C/I)B > (C/I)A , AT will send new DRC cover
and DRC value to APB in order to receive data from AP B. After AT get
available DRC Lock ,AT receive data from AP B and only receive the MAC &
Pilot from APA.
APA APB
DRC
DRC
38
Soft handoff – Adaptive Server Selection
AP2
AP1
AP4
AP3
Forward Link Data from current server
Serving
Serving AP AP change Forward Link Data from AP 4 following server change
AP11 AP44
Pilot/MAC on FWD link
Pilot/DRC/ACK/Traffic on REV
Link
(AP’s in AT’s active set)
t11 Time 39
Course Contents
40
MIN/IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity

For example, 0907550001/460030907550001
41
ESN
A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify single

MS. An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:
31......24 23......18 17......0 bit

Manufacturer’s number retained equipment SN
For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone)
The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.
42
SID/NID/PZID
System Identity (SID) +Network Identity (NID) + Packet

Zone Identity (PZID)
SID includes 15 bits. NID is made up of 16 bits. PZID
includes 8 bits. SID, NID and PZID determine one PCF
area. If AT find one of this code has been changed, it
will take route update process.
43
Unicast Access Terminal Identifier (UATI)
192 168 1 23
32 bit 32 bit 32 bit 32 bit
104 bit 24 bit

ATIType ATIType ATI
Description Length
UATI 128
(bits)
UATI 104 (Subnet) UATI 24
'00' Broadcast ATI (BATI) 0
‘01’ Multicast ATI (MATI) 32 8 bit
‘10’ Unicast ATI 32 Color Code

'11' Random ATI (RATI) 32
UATI 32
44
45

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ORA000403 CDMA2000

Wireless Curriculum Development Section

Chapter 2 Abstract of Air interface

Chapter 3 New Technology

Chapter 4 Important Number

 Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

AN/PCF PDSN/FA INTERNET

Chapter 2 Abstract of Air interface

Chapter 3 New Technology

Chapter 4 Important Number

 2.2 Forward link

 2.3 Reverse link

Session Layer Explanation:

Physical Layer MAC Layer - Procedures for receive and transmit

Revers Reverse Medium

 2.2 Forward link

 2.3 Reverse link

Half slot (1024 chips) Half slot (1024 chips)

A single user is served at any instant:

Access Point always transmits at full power:

Pilot Time Division Multiplexed with Traffic/Control and MAC

• Transmitted at pre-determined positions within a slot

• Pilot power is more than other channels

Advantageous of burst pilot transmitted at constant AP power :

Pilot received only in presence of pilots from other sectors:

 Sync msg: CDMA system time, Sector

Asynchronous CC capsules include:

38.4 16 1,024 2,560 24,576 9 1,536 1/5 9.6

Physical Layer Parameters

 Turbo encoded packet is scrambled and block interleaved

 coding gains due to incremental transmission of parity bits

 AT Requested Data Rate determines

 maximum # of slots required for transmission

Physical Channel Modulation Modulation Puncturing

Physical layer Encoder Puncturing Modulation Symbol

1024 1/5 0% 2560 16/8/4/2

1024 1/3 0% 1536 1

2048 1/3 0% 3072 4/2

2048 1/3 50% 3072 1

4096 1/3 0% 3072 2

4096 1/3 50% 3072 1

Symbol stream unit

Forward User Data Burst are distinguished by different colors

MAC channel include three sub- channel.

Repetition Cycle 4 or 8 times Repetition Cycle 4 or 8 times

DRC period 8 or 16 slots

RA Sub-channel and DRC Lock Sub-channel/RPC Sub-channel

MAC Index MAC Channel code Preamble Mapping

0&1 Not Used Not Used

2 Not Used 76.8 kbps Control Channel

3 Not Used 36.4 kbps Control Channel

4 RA Sub-channel Not Used

5 Not Used Broadcast

RPC & DRC Lock Sub- For corresponding traffic

 2.2 Forward link

 2.3 Reverse link

1 frame 16 Slots = 26.67 ms