Fullerene-Tailored Graphene

Oxide Interlayer Spacing for

Energy Efficient Water
Desalination
Faisal Tahir Rambe - 137140
MS4001 - Nanomaterial
Maradhana Agung M - 13715023 Materials Science and Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Bandung Institute of Technology
Outline
Ba Sy Di
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Background
“
Climate change, increasing water
scarcity, population growth,
demographic changes and urbanization
already pose challenges for water supply
systems. By 2025, half of the world’s
population will be living in water-
stressed areas.

-World Health Organization

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 Reverse Osmosis (?)

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 Graphene Oxide (!)
▪ Unique electronic properties
▪ High tensile strength
▪ Impermeability to small molecules

▪ To make a water filter, interlayer spacing should

be around 1 nm to allow water to pass through,
while rejecting salt ions via size exclusion and
electrostatic repulsion
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 Previous Works on Graphene
Oxide
▪ Graphene oxide by itself has great water
desalination performance

▫ However, since there are no fixation on

interlayer spacing by physical constrain, it
may expand when in contact with salt water,
therefore reducing its ability to desalinate
water
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 Fullerene
▪ Fullerene (C60 or
buckyball) is a carbon
nanosphere with diameter
of 0,7-1 nm

▪ The strategy is to graft the

fullerene on the surface of
GO sheets, as a mean to fix
the interlayer spacing of
GO sheets to be around
1,25 nm

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 Synthesis Method
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Chemicals Involved
▪ Graphite flakes
▪ Epoxy + curing agents
▪ Fullerene powder
▪ Toluene
▪ n-buthylithium 2.5M in hexane
▪ Methanol
 Graphene Oxide Synthesis
(Brodie’s Method)
▪ 500 mg of graphite was oxidized with a mixture
of 80 mL nitric acid and 42.5 g of sodium
chlorate
▪ Stirred at room temperature for 24 hours
▪ Then diluted with water and neutralized with
NaOH. Further washed and centrifuged to obtain
graphite oxide
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 ▪ Graphite oxide is then mixed with ammonium
hydroxide (pH 10-11)
▪ Exfoliation is done by means of ultrasonication to
produce graphene oxide
▪ GO mixture is then washed and centrifuged to
obtain pure GO

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 C60-grafted GO
▪ 10 mg of dry GO was dispersed into 100 mL
toluene and sonicated for 2h
▪ 8 mL of n-buthylithium in hexane (50 mL) was
added and further sonicated for 2h
▪ 5, 10, or 20 mg of fullerene powder (for different
C60:GO ratio) in 100 mL toluene was added to
the mixture, sonicated for 3h
▪ Terminated by methanol. Washed, centrifuged,
and dried at vacuum oven 60oC for 24h
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 GO/C60 Membrane
▪ C60-grafted GO from above is dispersed in
toluene and sonicated for 2h
▪ Is then vacuum filtered via Anodisc alumina filter
membrane (200 nm pore size) to produce
GO/C60 membrane suspension, and then dried
▪ The membrane was cut into 3 x 10 mm strips and
encapsulated by epoxy, producing GO/C60
laminates (layer)
▪ The layer is then glued into a plastic plate with 47
17 mm diameter and 2,5 mm thickness
 Result
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 Lithiation Mechanism

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 Interlayer Spacing

GO:C60 Ratio 2θ Interlayer Spacing

(nm)
2:1 7,038 1,25

1:1 6,977 1,26

1:2 6,935 1,27

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Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood,
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 LET’S REVIEW SOME
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Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of
visible light, yellow is found
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Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of
visible light, yellow is found
between green and orange.
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Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and
the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on the
optical spectrum.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and
the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on the
optical spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has historically
been associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has historically
been associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage.
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