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IG Geophysics
IG Geophysics
GEOPHYSICS
Initial
P-wave
S-wave
Mechanical Body Waves
Amplitude
S R
Time
P
Oscilloscope
Source
Receiver (Geophone)
R S
Mechanical Waves (Compression)
P - Wave Velocities
Steel
Intact Rocks
Weathered Rocks
Ice
Till
Sand
Clay
Sea Water
Fresh Water
S - W ave V elocities
Steel
Intact Rocks
Weathered Rocks
Ice
Till
Sand
Clay
Sea Water
Fresh Water
}V s =0
ASTM D 5777
Determine depth t1
to rock layer, zR t2
Vertical Geophones
t3
Source
(Plate) t4
x1
x2
x3
Soil: Vp1
zR x4
Rock: Vp2
Seismic Refraction
Tra v e l T im e (s e c o n d s )
0.020
xc V p2 V p1
zc
2 V p2 V p1
0.015
1
Vp2 = 4880 m/s
0.010
xc = 15.0 m
0.005
1 Depth to Rock:
Vp1 = 1350 m/s zc = 5.65 m
0.000
t values
0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance From Source (meters)
x values
Shear Wave Velocity, Vs
Fundamental measurement in all solids
(steel, concrete, wood, soils, rocks)
Initial small-strain stiffness represented
by shear modulus: G0 = Vs2
(alias Gdyn = Gmax = G0)
Applies to all static & dynamic problems at
small strains (s < 10-6)
Applicable to both undrained & drained
loading cases in geotechnical engineering.
Crosshole
Seismic
Testing
Equipment
Oscilloscope
Crosshole Testing
ASTM D 4428
Pump
x = fctn(z)
t from inclinometers
© Paul Mayne/GT
x © Paul Mayne/GT
t Hammer
z1
z2 packer
Horizontal
Test
Depth Velocity
Interval Transducers
(Geophone
Receivers)
R12 = z12 + x2
Shear Wave Velocity:
R22 = z22 + x2
Vs = R/t Cased
Borehole
In-Situ Surface Wave Testing
Signal
Analyzer
Accelerometer
Source Sensors
Layer 1
Rayleigh Layer 2
Surface
Waves Layer 3
Layer 4
Shear Wave Measurements
Seismic Piezocone Test (SCPTu)
Seismic Piezocone Test
Wave, ts qc
Automated Seismic Source
• Electronically-actuated
• Self-contained
•Left and right
polarization
•Modified beam uses fin to
enhance shear wave
generation
•Successfully tested to
depths of 20m
•Capable of being used
with traditional impulse
hammer
Downhole Shear Wave Velocity
Anchoring System
Automated Source
Polarized Wave
Downhole Vs with
excellent soil coupling.
Complete Set of Shear Wave Trains
Mud Island Site A, Memphis TN
Sounding – Memphis, Shelby County, TN
5 5 5
5
10 10 10
10
15 15 15
Depth (m)
15
20 20 20 20
25 25 25 25
30 30 30 30
35 35 35 35
Seismic Flat Dilatometer (SDMT)
Seismic DMTs at UMASS, Amherst
S DMT1
S DMT4
2 2 2 S DMT5
4 4 4
Depth (m)
6 6 6
6 SDMT
DMT21
DMT
DMT23
8 8 SDT 43
DMT 8
8
S DMT 4
S DMT 5
10 10 10
10
12 1212 12
More Measurements is
More Better
Geophysical Methods
Electromagnetic Wave
Techniques
Electromagnetic Wave Geophysics
Nondestructive methods
Non-invasive; conducted across surface.
Measurements of electrical & magnetic
properties of the ground: resistivity
(conductivity), permittivity, dielectric,
and magnetic fields.
Cover wide spectrum in frequencies (10
Hz < f < 1022 Hz).
Electromagnetic Wave Geophysics
Geostratigraphy
Examples of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Depth of ER survey:
i.e., greater spacing
influences deeper
Electrical Resisitivity Measurements
Electrical Resisitivity Measurements
Weathered Rocks
Glacial Till
Loose Sands
Loam
Clay
SPT
In-Situ Test Method
CPT
DMT
PMT
VST
Geophysics
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000