Unit-4

Electrical Machines

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 Outlines
Three Phase Induction Motor:
1. Construction, types and principle of operation of 3-phase induction motors.
2. Difference between squirrel cage and wound or slip ring rotor.
3. What is slip in induction motor? Relationship of induction motor
frequencies.
4. Why rotor never rotates at a synchronous speed?
5. How does rotating magnitude field works in 3 phase induction motor.
6. Torque equation of three phase induction motor (in running condition)
7. Starting torque equation of three phase induction motor (under standstill
condition)
8. Condition for maximum torque
9. Torque slip characteristics of 3 phase induction motor

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 Review questions
 Explain the construction and operating principle of a three phase induction
motor
 List the differences between squirrel cage rotor and slip ring rotor.
 Define the term slip of the induction motor
 Why rotor never rotates at a synchronous speed?
 Explain how rotating magnetic field is produced in three phase induction motor.
 How the direction of rotation of a three phase induction motor can be reversed?
 Derive the torque equation of a three phase induction motor (in running
condition)
 Derive the starting torque equation of a three phase induction motor.
 Sketch and explain torque slip characteristics of a three phase induction motor.
 Derive the condition for the maximum torque

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 Introduction
 An induction motor (IM) is a type of asynchronous AC motor
where power is supplied to the rotating device by means of
electromagnetic induction.
 The induction motor with a wrapped rotor was invented by Nikola
Tesla Nikola Tesla in 1882 in France but the initial patent was issued
in 1888 after Tesla had moved to the United States. In his scientific
work, Tesla laid the foundations for understanding the way the motor
operates.
 The induction motor with a cage was invented by Mikhail Dolivo-
Dobrovolsky about a year later in Europe. Technological development
in the field has improved to where a 100 hp (74.6 kW) motor from
1976 takes the same volume as a 7.5 hp (5.5 kW) motor did in 1897.
Currently, the most common induction motor is the cage rotor
motor.

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 What is Electrical Motor?
 An electric motor converts electrical power to mechanical
power in its rotor (rotating part). There are several ways to
supply power to the rotor.
 In a DC motor this power is supplied to the armature directly
from a DC source, while in an induction motor this power is
induced in the rotating device.
 An induction motor is sometimes called a rotating
transformer because the stator (stationary part) is essentially
the primary side of the transformer and the rotor (rotating
part) is the secondary side

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 Constructions of 3 phase induction motor
 A typical motor consists of two parts namely stator and rotor like other
type of motors.
1. An outside stationary stator having coils supplied with AC current to
produce a rotating magnetic field

2. An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the
rotating field.

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 Constructions and Working of Three Phase
Induction motor
Stator construction
 The stator of an induction motor is laminated iron core with
slots similar to a stator of a synchronous machine.
 The phase winding are placed 120 electrical degree apart and
may be connected in either star or delta externally for which six
leads are brought out to a terminal box mounted on the frame of
the motor.
 When the stator is energized from three phase voltage it will
produce a rotating magnetic filed in the stator core.

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 Constructions of 3 phase Induction motor

Rotor Construction:
Type of rotors
Rotor is of two different types.
1. Squirrel cage rotor
2. Slip ring or Phase wound rotor
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 Constructions and Working of Three Phase
Induction motor
Squirrel-Cage Rotor
 The rotor of the squirrel cage motor shown in fig. It is a
cylindrical core constructed of steel laminations with conductor
bars mounted parallel to the shaft and embedded near the surface
of the rotor core.
 These conductor bars are short circuited by an end rings at both
of the rotor core. In large machines these conductor bars and the
end rings are made up of copper with the bars brazed or welded to
the end rings shown in fig 3.1 b.

Fig 3.1 b
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 Constructions and Working of Three Phase
Induction motor
Squirrel-Cage Rotor
 In small machines the conductor bars and end rings are sometimes made
of aluminium with the bars and ring cast in as part of the rotor core.
Actually the entire construction (bars and end rings) resembles a squirrel
cage, from which the name is derived.
 The rotor or rotating part is not connected electrically to the power
supply but has voltage induced in it by transformer action from the
stator.
 For this reason the stator is sometimes called as primary and rotor is
referred to as secondary of the motor since the motor operates on the
principle of induction and as the construction of the rotor with the bars
and end rings resembles a squirrel cage, the squirrel cage induction
motor is used.
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 Constructions and Working of Three Phase
Induction motor
Slip ring or Phase wound rotor
 It has three phase double layer distributed windings placed in the slots
of the rotor core. It is wound for the same number of poles as the stator.
 The windings are usually connected in star, though they may be
connected in delta. The three ends of the windings are brought out and
are soldered to the slip rings mounted on the shaft.

Fig.1
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 Constructions and Working of Three Phase
Induction motor
Slip ring or Phase wound rotor
 Carbon brushes fixed with the stator make contact with these moving
slip rings. This arrangement makes it possible to connect additional
resistances in the rotor winding to give high starting torque (see fig 1).
 The external resistance are gradually reduced to zero as the motor picks
up speed. The best solution is to use a phase wound rotor induction
motor with a starting arrangement shown in fig 1.(Refer Fig 1).
 The motor is designed to have low rotor resistance. External variable
resistance is connected across the slip rings. The motor is started with
all the resistance included in the rotor circuit. This gives a high starting
torque. As the motor picks up speed the resistance is slowly reduced.
When the motor attains full speed, all the resistance is cut out.

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Difference Between Squirrel Cage and Slip Ring Rotor

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 Slip of Induction Motor
What is slip in induction motor? Relationship of induction motor frequencies.

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Frequency of rotor currents

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 Why rotor never rotates at a synchronous speed?

• If the rotor rotates at a synchronous speed (Ns) then,

1) The relative speed becomes zero
2) No flux cut
3) No emf will induce on the rotor conductors
4) No current is flowing through rotor conductors
5) No force is developed
6) No torque is developed
So again relative speed is generated due to rotor speed is now
less than Ns

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Rotating Magnetic Field(Rmf)

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 Rotating Magnetic Field(Rmf)
Horizontal Component

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 Rotating Magnetic Field(Rmf)
Vertical Component

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Rotating Magnetic Field(Rmf)

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 How the direction of rotation of a three phase
induction motor can be reversed?
 Let the phase sequence of the three-phase voltage applied
to the stator winding is X-Y-Z. If this sequence is changed
to X-Z-Y, it is observed that direction of rotation of the
field is reversed i.e., the field rotates counterclockwise
rather than clockwise.
 However, the number of poles and the speed at which the
magnetic field rotates remain unchanged.
 Thus it is necessary only to change the phase sequence in
order to change the direction of rotation of the magnetic
field. For a three-phase supply, this can be done by
interchanging any two of the three lines
 
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Torque Equation
(under running condition)

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 Torque Equation
(under running condition)

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 Starting Torque equation
Starting torque is nothing but the torque produced by an induction motor at start. At start,
NR =0 and slip s =1. So putting s=1 in the torque equation we can write expression for the

starting torque Tst as

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Condition for Maximum Torque

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Condition for Maximum Torque

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Torque slip characteristics

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 Speed Control of Three Phase Induction
Motor
 The Speed of Induction Motor is changed from Both Stator and Rotor
Side. The speed control of three phase induction motor from stator side
are further classified as :
1. V / f control or frequency control.
2. Changing the number of stator poles.
3. Controlling supply voltage.
4. Changing the Applied Frequency
 The speed controls of three phase induction motor from rotor side are
further classified as:
1. Adding external resistance on rotor side (Rotor Rheostat Control)
2. Cascade control method.
3. Injecting EMF In Rotor Circuit

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 Speed Control of Three Phase Induction
Motor
Speed Control from Stator Side
1.V / f control or frequency control.
This is the most popular method for controlling the speed of an induction motor. As in
above method, if the supply frequency is reduced keeping the rated supply voltage, the air
gap flux will tend to saturate. This will cause excessive stator current and distortion of the
stator flux wave.
Therefore, the stator voltage should also be reduced in proportional to the frequency so as
to maintain the air-gap flux constant. The magnitude of the stator flux is proportional to the
ratio of the stator voltage and the frequency.
Hence, if the ratio of voltage to frequency is kept constant, the flux remains constant. Also,
by keeping V/F constant, the developed torque remains approximately constant. This
method gives higher run-time efficiency.
Therefore, majority of AC speed drives employ constant V/F method (or variable voltage,
variable frequency method) for the speed control. Along with wide range of speed control,
this method also offers 'soft start' capability.
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 Speed Control from Stator Side
2. Changing The Number of Stator Poles
•From the above equation of synchronous speed, it can be seen that synchronous speed (and
hence, running speed) can be changed by changing the number of stator poles. This method
is generally used for squirrel cage induction motors , as squirrel cage rotor adapts itself
for any number of stator poles.
•Change in stator poles is achieved by two or more independent stator windings wound for
different number of poles in same slots.

•For example, a stator is wound with two 3phase windings, one for 4 poles and other for 6
poles for supply frequency of 50 Hz
i) synchronous speed when 4 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/4 = 1500 RPM
ii) synchronous speed when 6 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/6 = 1000 RPM

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 Speed Control from Stator Side
3. Controlling supply voltage

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 Speed Control from Stator Side
4. Changing the Applied Frequency

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 Speed Control from Rotor Side
1.Rotor Rheostat Control
This method is similar to that of armature rheostat control of DC shunt
motor. But this method is only applicable to slip ring motors as addition of
external resistance in the rotor of squirrel cage motors is not possible.
2. Cascade Operation
In this method of speed control, two motors are used. Both are mounted on
a same shaft so that both run at same speed. One motor is fed from a 3phase
supply and the other motor is fed from the induced emf in first motor via
slip-rings. The arrangement is as shown in following figure.

Motor A is called the main motor and motor B is called the auxiliary motor.
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 Speed Control from Rotor Side
3. Injecting EMF In Rotor Circuit
In this method, speed of an induction motor is controlled by injecting a
voltage in rotor circuit. It is necessary that voltage (emf) being injected
must have same frequency as of the slip frequency.
 However, there is no restriction to the phase of injected emf. If we inject
emf which is in opposite phase with the rotor induced emf, rotor resistance
will be increased.
If we inject emf which is in phase with the rotor induced emf, rotor
resistance will decrease. Thus, by changing the phase of injected emf, speed
can be controlled. The main advantage of this method is a wide rage of
speed control (above normal as well as below normal) can be achieved. The
emf can be injected by using Kramer system etc.

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 Single phase induction motor
Construction of single phase Induction motor:
•Similar to a d.c motor, single phase induction motor has basically two
main parts, one rotating and other stationary. The stationary part in single
phase induction motors is called stator while the rotating part is called
rotor.
•Stator:
The stator has laminated construction, made up of stampings.The
stampings are slotted on its periphery to carry the winding called stator
winding or main winding.
This is excited by a single phase a.c supply. The laminated construction
keeps iron losses to minimum. The stampings are made up of material like
silicon steel which minimizes the hysteresis loss.

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 Single phase induction motor
 The stator winding is wound for certain definite number of poles means
when excited by single phase a.c supply, stator produces the magnetic
field which creates the effect of certain definite number of poles.
 The number of poles for which stator winding is wound, decides the
synchronous speed of the motor. The synchronous speed is denoted by
NS and it has a fixed relation with supply frequency f and number of
poles P.

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Single phase induction motor

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 Single phase induction motor
• Working principle:
 In the single phase induction motor single phase a.c supply is given to
the stator winding. The stator winding carries an alternating current
which produces the flux which is also alternating in nature. This flux is
called main flux. This flux links with the rotor conductors and due to
transformer action e.m.f gets induced in the rotor.
 The induced e.m.f drives current through the rotor as rotor circuit is
closed circuit. This rotor current produces another flux called rotor flux
required for the motoring action. Thus second flux is produced
according to induction principle due to induced e.m.f hence the motor
is called induction motor.

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 Why single phase induction motors are
not self starting
1. We know that the AC supply is a sinusoidal wave and it produces pulsating
magnetic field in uniformly distributed stator winding. Since pulsating
magnetic field can be assumed as two oppositely rotating magnetic fields,
there will be no resultant torque produced at the starting and due to this the
motor does not run.
2. After giving the supply, if the rotor is made to rotate in either direction by
external force, then the motor will start to run. This problem has been solved
by making the stator winding into two winding, one is main winding and
another is auxiliary winding and a capacitor is fixed in series with the
auxiliary winding.
3. This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both
coils. When there will be phase difference the rotor will generate a starting
torque and it will start to rotate. Practically we can see that the fan does not
rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from motor but if we rotate with
hand it will start to rotate. So this the reason of using capacitor in the single
phase induction motor.
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 DC Motor
What is DC Motor?
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts
direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. When the electric
current passes through a coil in a magnetic field, a magnetic force will be
generated, this produces a torque in the DC motor.
Construction of separately excited DC motor

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 Construction of DC motor

It consists of the following parts:

1. Yoke:
Functions:
1)Frame of machine
2)Mechanical support to field pole
3) To form a magnetic circuit
Choice of material used:
a) for small machine: Cast iron yokes
b) for large machine: Cast steel or silicon steel yokes

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 Construction of DC motor
2. Poles:
•Each pole is divided into two parts namely: a) Pole core and b) Pole shoe.

Functions:
1) Pole core is used to carry the field winding
2)Pole shoe acts as support to field coils spreads out the flux uniformly
over the armature periphery
•Choice of material used: Cast iron and cast steel

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Construction of DC motor

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Construction of DC motor

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Working of DC motor

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Working of DC motor

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Working of DC motor

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Working of DC motor

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Working of DC motor

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Working of DC motor

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Types of DC Motor

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Separately Excited DC Motor

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Thank you

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