GENERAL

CHEMISTRY
QEE REVIEW 2017
Significant Figures
Balloon Pop Technique: Count the number of significant figures:
 0.00120 km
Integers greater
than zero =

 780 100 Pa

 Zero =
Units
System Length Mass Time
Metric Centimeter (cm) Grams (g) Seconds (s)
SI Meter (m) Kilograms (kg) Seconds (s)
English Feet (ft) Pounds (lb) Seconds (s)

Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol

1 Deka da -1 Deci d
2 Hecto h -2 Centi c
3 Kilo k -3 Milli m
6 Mega M -6 Micro µ
9 Giga G -9 Nano n
12 Tera T -12 Pico p
15 peta p -15 femto f
Manipulation of Units
 Titanium is used in airplane bodies because it is strong and light. It has a
density of 4.55 g/mL. If a cylinder of titanium is 7.75 cm long and has a mass
of 153.2 g, calculate the diameter of the cylinder in cm.
 Find: Diameter  cm

=


Changing the state of matter
 Solid  Gas  Liquid  Gas
Sublimation Evaporation
Gas  Solid  Gas  Liquid
Deposition Condensation
 Liquid  Solid  Solid  Liquid
Freezing Melting/ Fusion
Atoms and Molecules
Atomic Structure and Mass
 ATOM – fundamental building block of matter, indivisible and still
behave as a chemical system; smallest particle that can retain an
element’s chemical identity
 NUCLEUS – the small dense core of an atom containing protons and
neutrons
 PROTONS – positively charged subatomic particles
 ELECTRONS – negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the
nucleus
 NEUTRONS – electrically neutral subatomic particle
Atomic Structure and Mass
  ISOTOPES – atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons;
have same atomic number but different mass numbers
 ATOMIC NUMBER – identifies the element; equal to the number of protons
in a particular atom

 ATOMIC MASS – average mass of an atom
 ATOMIC SYMBOL:
Ions
  IONS – charged particles; number of protons is not equal to the number of
electrons
 ANIONS – negatively charged ions; protons < electrons
 CATIONS – positively charged ions; protons > electrons
 TWO FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS ABOUT ELECTRIC CHARGES:
 1. Opposite charges attract each other and like charges repel one another.
 2. Electric charge is conserved.
 COULOMB’S LAW:

Compounds and Chemical Bonds
 CHEMICAL BOND – attractive force between two atoms holding
them together to form a molecule or a part of the molecule
 CHEMICAL COMPOUND – a pure substance made up of atoms of
two or more elements joined together by chemical bonds
 MOLECULES – discrete particles formed by combining atoms
 OCTET RULE – In forming chemical bonds, main group elements
gain, lose or share electrons to achieve a configuration in which they
are surrounded by eight valence electrons.
Compounds and Chemical Bonds
  MOLECULAR FORMULA  IONIC BONDING
 Original formula; efficiently  Losing and gaining of electrons
describes the atomic composition of
the molecule

 EMPIRICAL FORMULA  COVALENT BONDING

 Relative ratio  Sharing of electrons
Chemical Nomenclature
 Naming Covalent Bonds:   Naming Ionic Compounds:
Subscript Prefix
 For Cations…
1 Mono
2 Di
 [element name] + ion
3 Tri
4 Tetra
5 Penta  For Anions…
6 Hexa  [element name]-ide/ate
7 Hepta
8 Octa
9 Nona  “-ic” -> 3
10 Deca
 “-ous” -> 2
The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table Trends
The Periodic Table Trends
Ionization Energy
◦ defined as the energy needed to remove an outermost electron of an atom
from its shell to form an ion

Electronic Affinity
◦ defined as the energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom

Atomic Radius
◦ defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms joined
chemically. It measures the size of an atom.
The Periodic Table Electron
Configuration
 Subshells of Main Energy levels
Subshell Subshell Max No. of
Shape
Type Name Electrons

s Sharp Spherical 2

p Principal Dumbell 6

d Diffuse Clover Leaf 10

f Fundamental Clover Leaf 14

Molecules, Moles and
Chemical Equations
 Chemical Reactions
Combination Reaction/Synthesis Double Displacement
4(Al) + 3(O2)  2(Al2O3) BaCl2 + Na2SO4  BaSO4 + 2NaCl

Decomposition Reaction Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

CaCO3  CaO + CO2 4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3
2Fe2O3 + 3C  4Fe + 3CO2
Single Displacement/Substitution
Reaction
2(Na) + 2(H2O)  H2 + 2(NaOH)
Balancing Equations
1.

2.

3.

4.
Solving for Molar Mass of Compound
Consider the amount of each element present in the compound
Search for the atomic weight of each element in the periodic table
Multiply the molar mass of each element to its amount in the
compound
Add the resulting products
Example: Glucose

 Molar Mass = (6 x 12) + (12 x 1) + (6 x 16) = 180 g/mol

Solution
 Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

 Solutes dissolve in the solvents.

 Reactions that occur in water take place in aqueous solution.

 Electrolyte is any substance that dissolves in water to produce an

aqueous solution that conducts electricity.
Formulas
% by Mass =

Molarity (M) =

Molality (ɱ) =

Mole fraction =
Principles
Aufbau's Principle
 Description of the process by which electrons fill orbitals in order of
increasing energy.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
 No two electrons in an atom may have the same set of four quantum
numbers.
Hund's Rule
 Within a subshell of an atom, electrons occupy orbitals individually first
before pairing.
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the calculation of relative quantities of reactants
and products in chemical reactions.

Founded on the law of conservation of mass where the total mass of

the reactants equals the total mass of products.

Relation among quantities of reactants and products typically form a

ratio of positive integers
Converting grams to moles
Example: Convert 2.00g of NaCl to moles
Na = 22.99 g/mol, Cl = 35.45 g/mol
NaCl = 22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 g/mol
Molar Proportions
The following reaction is made:

If 0.27 moles of is used in the equation, how many moles of

water will be produced?

Solution:
Gases
Gas Laws
1. Boyle’s Law
• Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume

2. Charle’s and Gay-Lussac Law

• At constant pressure, V α T
Gas Laws
• At constant volume, P α T

3. Avogadro’s Law
• At constant temperature and pressure
Gas Laws
4. Combined Gas Law

5. Ideal Gas Law

Where R = ideal gas constant

= 0.082057
Standard Temperature and Pressure
(STP)
• Pressure = 1 atm
Conversion of Units of
Pressure
• Volume = 22.41L
1 atm
760 mmHg
• n = 1 mol 760 torr
101.325 kPa
• Temperature = 273.15 K

• R = 0.08206
Sample Problems:
• Carbon dioxide can be removed from a stream of gas by reacting it with calcium oxide to
form calcium carbonate. If we react 5.50 L of CO2 at STP with excess CaO, what mass of
calcium carbonate will form?
•24.6 g CaCO3
• When an experiment required a source of carbon dioxide, a student combined 1.4 g of
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) with excess hydrochloric acid. If the CO2 produced is
collected at 722 torr and 17 Celsius, what volume will the gas occupy? (NaHCO3 + HCl ->
NaCl + H2O + CO2)
•420mL
• What volume of hydrogen gas, in liters, is produced by the reaction of 3.43 g of iron
metal with 40.0 mL of 2.43 M HCl? The gas is collected at 2.25 atm of pressure and 23
Celsius. The other product is FeCl2.
•0.52L