QEE Review: Day 3

Chemistry
Physics
Physics
KINEMATICS
 Kinematics
• Description of motion, as opposed to
Dynamics, causes of motion
 Kinematics Equations
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
 Kinematics Equations: Free Fall
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
 First Law
• Law of Inertia
– Absence of unbalanced forces
– Tendency of body to remain in motion when in
motion or remain at rest when at rest
 Second Law
• Law of Acceleration
– Acceleration of an object is directly proportional
to the net forces acting on it but inversely
proportional to its mass
 Third Law
• Law of Interaction
– All forces exist in pairs (Duality)
– If one object A exerts a force on a second object
B, then B simultaneously exerts a force
and
FRICTION
 Friction defined
• Resistance to motion
• Several types of friction
– Dry friction (static and kinetic frictions)
– Fluid friction
– Lubricated friction
– Skin friction
– Internal friction
 Laws of Dry Friction
• Amonton’s First Law
– The force of friction is directly proportional to the
applied load
• Amonton’s Second Law
– The force of friction is independent of the
apparent area of contact
• Coulomb’s Law of Friction
– Kinetic friction is independent of sliding velocity
 Formula

• Where:
– is the normal force, perpendicular to the
plane
– is the coefficient of friction
• for static friction
• for kinetic friction
WORK, POWER, AND ENERGY
 Work and Power
• Work
– Work is done when a force is applied on an object
and the object moves in the direction of the force

• Power
– Rate of work, or rate of amount of energy
consumed
 Energy
• Kinetic Energy
– Energy in motion

• Potential Energy
– Energy stored; energy due to position
MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
 Momentum
• Impetus of an object

• Total Linear Momentum

 Impulse
• Change in momentum of a body
CIRCULAR MOTION
 Formulae
• Angular speed

• Tangential speed

• Tangential acceleration

• Radial aceleration
 Some attributes of matter
• Density – compactness; specific mass

• Specific weight – distribution of weight

• Specific gravity – ratio of densities

 Stress and Strain
• Stress – deformation

• Strain – change in dimension

 Modulus
• Proportionality of stress and strain
• Young’s modulus – tensile stress and strain

• Shear modulus – shear stress and strain

• Bulk modulus – bulk stress and strain

 Pressure
• Force applied in a given area

• Liquid pressure (gauge pressure)

• Atmospheric pressure
 Fluids
• Fluid statics – fluid at rest
• Fluid dynamics – fluid in motion
• Bernoulli’s principle
flow rate (1) = flow rate (2)
 Heat and Temperature
• Heat – energy
• Temperature – measure of hotness or
coldness/”speed” of molecule
• Temperature scales
o Celsius – Anders Celsius
o Fahrenheit – Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
o Kelvin – William Thomson
o Rankine – William John Macquorn Rankine
o Reaumur – Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur
Conversion of Temp. Scales
 Thermal Expansion
• Law of Thermal Expansion
– All objects, when heated, expand; when cooled,
contract
– Except water
 Heat Transfer
• Conduction – direct contact
• Convection – currents
• Radiation – through space
Phase Change
 Heat and Latent Heat
• Heat

• Latent heat – amount of heat needed to

change its phase without changing
temperature
– Heat of Vaporisation
– Heat of Condensation
Law of Heat Exchange
 Caloorimetry
• Method of mixing substances
• Uses a calorimeter cup
 Waves
• Wave pulse – one
• Wave train – continuous
• Transports energy
 Types of Waves
• According to Propagation
o Transverse – perpendicular to motion of particles
o Longitudinal – parallel to motion of particles
• According to Nature
o Mechanical – needs medium
o Electromagnetic – may or may not have medium
 Properties of Waves
• Reflections – bouncing back of waves
• Refraction – bending of waves upon entering
another medium
• Diffraction – bending of waves around corners
• Interference – mixing of two waves as they
enter one medium
o Constructive – creates bigger waves
o Destructive – creates smaller waves or none at all
 Law of Refraction
• The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the
nominal line lie in one plane
o Incident ray – from source of light
o Refracted ray – bent ray inside second medium
If light travels from less dense to
optically denser material
If light travels from optically denser
material to optically less dense material
 Snell’s Law
• By Willebrord Snell
• The ratio of the sines of the angles of
incidence and refraction is equivalent to the
reciprocal of the ratio of the indices of
refraction
 Total Internal Reflection
• Light does not escape medium after it enters
 Types of Mirrors
• Plane mirror
– Same physical appearance
– Laterally reversed
– Same distance
– Virtual image
 Electricity
• Charges
– Positively charged -> deficiency of electrons
– Negatively charged -> excess of electrons
• Electrostatics – at rest
• Electrodynamics – in motion
 Law of Charges
• Like charges repel
• Unlike charges attract
 Charges

– Where
• q – charge
• n – number of deficient/excess electrons
• e – charge of electron ->
 Ways of Charging
• Friction
• Conduction or Contact
• Induction

– The latter two needs charging body. However:

• Conduction requires contact and produces same charge
• Induction does not require contact and produces
opposite charge
 Electric Force
• Coulomb’s Law
– Charles Augustine de Coulomb
– Electric force between two particles is directly
proportional to the product of the two charges
and inversely proportional to the square of their
distances
– In equation:
Electric Field