Octane number

and
cetane number
 Octane number
• An octane number is a measure of the knocking tendency of gasoline
fuels in spark ignition engines. The ability of a fuel to resist auto-
ignition during compression and prior to the spark ignition gives it a
high octane number.
• Two octane tests can be performed for gasoline.
1. The motor octane number (MON) indicates engine performance at
high way conditions with high speeds
2. Research octane number (RON) is indicative of low-speed city
driving.
 Octane number
• RON of a fuel may be estimated from the pseudocomponent
techniques in the following form:
• where x is the volume fraction of different hydrocarbon families i.e.,
n-paraffins (NP), isoparaffins (IP), olefins (O), naphthenes (N), and
aromatics (A). RON(Np), RON(Ip), RON(o), RON(N), and RON(A) are
the values of RON of pseudocomponents from n-paraffin, isoparaffins,
olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics families :
Octane number
 Cetane number
• The cetane number measures the ability for auto ignition and is
essentially the opposite of the octane number.
• The cetane number is the percentage of pure cetane (n-hexadecane)
in a blend of cetane and alpha methyl naphtha-lene which matches
the ignition quality of a diesel fuel sample.
• This quality is specified for middle distillate fuels.
Cetane number
Petrochemicals
Petrochemicals
• What is PETROCHEMICAL? What does PETROCHEMICAL mean?
• Petrochemicals in general are compounds and polymers derived
directly or indirectly from petroleum and used in the chemical
market.
• Petrochemicals, also called petroleum distillates, are derived from
petroleum.
• Petrochemicals are obtained from various fractions of petroleum by
using processes such as cracking, cyclisation, oxidation,
polymerization, halogenation etc.
Catalysts for petrochemical processes
• Among the major petrochemical products are plastics,
synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, detergents, and
nitrogen fertilizers. Many other important chemical
industries such as paints, adhesives, aerosols,
insecticides, and pharmaceuticals may involve one or
more petrochemical products within their
manufacturing steps.
 Classification
• •Petrochemicals can be broadly classified into three categories:-
A. Light Petrochemicals
B. Medium Petrochemicals
C. Heavy Petrochemicals
 Light Petrochemicals
• These are mainly used as bottled fuel and raw materials for other
organic chemicals. Methane, ethane and ethylene. The next lightest
fractions comprise petroleum ether and light naphtha
 Medium Petrochemicals
• Hydrocarbons with 6 – 12 carbon atoms are called "gasoline", which
are mainly used as automobile fuels. Kerosene contains 12 to 15
carbons and is used in aviation fuels, and also as solvents for heating
and lighting.
 Heavy Petrochemicals
• Diesel oil, heating oil and lubricating oil for engines
and machinery. They contain around 15 and 18
carbon atoms.
• The heaviest fractions of all are called "bitumens" and
are used to surface roads or for waterproofing.