INDUSTRIAL

ELECTRONICS
 Definition:

 Industrial Electronics - branch of electronics that deals

with the design, development and application of electronic
devices, circuits, and systems that drive the industry.

 Power electronics refers to control and conversion of

electrical power by power semiconductor devices wherein
these devices operate as switches. Advent of silicon-
controlled rectifiers, abbreviated as SCRs, led to the
development of a new area of application called the
power electronics

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 Industrial Electronics Time Line:

 1801 – Joseph Jacquard invents a textile machine that is

operated by punch cards.
 1834 – Charles Babbage invents a numerical engine that
would later become the computer.
 1890 – Nicola Tesla demonstrate the use of electronics for
the remote control of a model boat.
 1892 – Seward Babbitt designs a motorized crane with a
gripper to remove ingots from furnace.
 1900 – The introduction of the mercury arc rectifier and metal
tank rectifier.
 1904 – Sir John Fleming develops the Fleming valve, which is
the vacuum tube rectifier.

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 Industrial Electronics Time Line:

 1908 – Lee De Forest invented the vacuum tube

amplifier.
1928 – Electronic control of a DC motor is accomplished
using vacuum tubes.
1938 – German scientist Walter Schottky invents the
semiconductor diode.
1940s – Vacuum tubes began replacing mechanical
control circuits.
1941 – The first commercially made variable – speed AC
motor control system is developed. This system
varies the frequency of the motor by using Vacuum
tubes technology.

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 Industrial Electronics Time Line:

 1947 – Three American scientists, John Bardeen, Walter

Brattain, and William Shockley, invent the transistor.
 1956 – The invention of the PNPN triggering transistor,
which defined as a thyristor.
 1957 – The first solid – state variable speed motor control
system becomes commercially available
 1958 – The second electronics revolution began - new era of
power electronics. Jean Hoermi, Jack Kilby and Robert
Noyce developed the integrated circuit (IC).
 1960 – Semiconductor devices such as thyristors began
replacing TV technology especially for motor control.

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 Industrial Electronics Time Line:

 1968 – Engineers at General Motors developed the first

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).
 1970 – The development of microprocessor led to the
invention of the PLC. (Ted Hoff invents microprocessor)
 1977 – Apple, Radio Shack and Commodore introduced PC
for home and office automation.
 1986 – Robotics Technology began.
 1994 – 64 – bit microprocessor commercially available

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 Industrial Electronics Time Line:

 1998 – Tag – based programmable logic controllers start to

be adopted by industry.
 2000 – Device networks like DeviceNet, Foundation Field bus,
Profibus, and Ethernet/IP are adopted frequently by industry.
 2001 – Wireless networks find broader application in
automation.

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 WELDING
The process of joining metals usually by
heat or sometimes with pressure and
sometimes with an intermediate or filter
material with high melting point.

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 I. WELDING SYSTEMS
1. BASIC INTERVALS
a. Squeeze Interval
b. Weld Interval
c. Hold Interval
d. Release
e. Standby Interval
2. POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES
a. Arc Welding
 TIG Welding
 MIG Welding
b. Solid State Welding
c. Resistance Welding
 Spot Welding
 Seam Welding
 Upset Welding
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BASIC INTERVALS

a. SQUEEZE INTERVAL
Welding electrode comes forward
and engage the metal pressing
against the surface.
Typical squeeze time is 1 sec.

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BASIC INTERVALS

b. WELD INTERVAL
Welding transformer is energized,
current flows and creates a weld.
On heat subinterval is a condition
when the current is on.
On cool subinterval is when the
current is off
Typical duration (2-10 sec).

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BASIC INTERVALS

c. HOLD INTERVAL
Weld interval is finished.
Electrode pressure is maintained.

d. RELEASE
Welding electrode is retracted.

e. STANDBY INTERVAL
The time after release interval to the
next start sequence.

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POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

a. ARC WELDING
It is simply the use of electric arc
to provide heat.
Process of utilizing the
concentrated heat of an electric
arc to join metal by fusion of the
parent metal and the addition of
metal to joint usually provided by
a consumable electrode.

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POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

a.ARC WELDING
Either direct or alternating current
may be used for the arc, depending
upon the material to be welded and
the electrode used.
Various forms of arc welding
includes electroslag welding,
plasma arc welding, gas metal arc
welding, submerged arc welding,
gas tungsten arc welding, etc.
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POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

TIG WELDING
Gas tungsten arc welding
An arc is formed between a non-
consumable tungsten electrode and
the metal being welded.
Some of its benefits includes superior
quality welds, precise control of heat,
free of splatter and low distortion.

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POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

MIG WELDING
Gas metal arc welding
Commonly used high deposition rate
welding process
Referred to as a semiautomatic welding
process
Benefits include all position capability, long
weld can be made without start and stops
and minimal post weld cleaning is required.

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POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

b. SOLID STATE WELDING

Group of welding processes
which produces coalescence at
temperatures essentially below
the melting point of the base
materials being joined, without
the addition of brazing filler
metal.
Pressure may or may not be used.

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POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

b.SOLID STATE WELDING

Sometimes called solid state bonding
processes.
Includes cold welding, diffusion
welding, explosion welding, forge
welding, friction welding, hot pressure
welding, roll welding, and ultrasonic
welding

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POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

c. RESISTANCE WELDING
Uses the application of electric current
and mechanical pressure to create a
weld between two pieces of metal.
Weld electrodes conduct the electric
current to the two pieces of metal as
they are forged together.
Some of its benefits include high
speed, easily automated, suitable for
high rate production and it is
economical.

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POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

SPOT WELDING
Resistance welding in which the weld
is produced by the heat obtained at
the interface between the work
pieces.

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POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

SEAM WELDING
Spots are very closed to each
other that they overlap and
make a continuous seam weld.

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POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

UPSET WELDING
Resistance welding process
applicable to small welding areas.

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REVIEW
QUESTIONS
1. The time between the first
application of electrode force and the
first application of welding current.
a. Squeeze time
b. Weld time
c. Hold time
d. Off period

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2. Process wherein coalescence is
produced by the heat obtained from the
resistance of the workpiece to the flow
of low voltage, high density electric
current in a circuit.
a. Forge welding
b. Resistance welding
c. Ultrasonic welding
d. LBW

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3. Time when electrode force is applied but
the current is shut off.
a. Off period
b. Hold time
c. Squeeze time
d. Weld time

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4. The time when electrode force is
released.
a. Hold time
b. Squeeze time
c. Off period
d. Weld time

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5. The fusion of the grain structure of
materials.
a. Forge
b. Weld
c. Recombination
d. Coalescence

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6. Time when current is applied to the
workpiece.
a. Weld time
b. Squeeze time
c. Hold time
d. Off period

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7. Heat in resistance welding is produced by
the following factors except one
a. Time duration
b. Current
c. Electrical resistance
d. Pressure applied

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8. Resistance welding machine
component that holds the
workpieces.
a. Electrical circuit
b. Electrode system
c. Mechanical system
d. None of the above

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9. Resistance spot welding (RSW) machine
type that is controlled by hydraulic cylinders.
a. Miniature welders
b. Rocker-arm welder
c. Press-type welder
d. Portable spot welder

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10. Machine component made up of the
transformer and the current regulator.
a. Control system
b. Electrical system
c. Electrode system
d. Mechanical system

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11. Welder machine with capacities up to 500
kVa
a. Miniature welders
b. Rocker-arm welder
c. Press-type welder
d. Portable spot welder

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12. Regulates the time of the welding cycle.
a. Electrode
b. Current regulator
c. Control system
d. Mechanical system

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13. Welding machine use for large
workpieces.
a. Miniature welders
b. Rocker-arm welder
c. Press-type welder
d. Portable spot welder

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14. Another name for hammer welding
a. Fusion welding
b. RW
c. Maul welding
d. Forge welding

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15. Referred to as a localized
coalescence
a. Weld
b. Mold
c. Cast
d. Metal

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16. Part of the welding electric circuit that is
used to produce high amperage current at
low voltages.
a. Capacitor
b. Voltage regulator
c. Transformer
d. The secondary circuit

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17. The overlapped RSW.
a. RSEW (Resistance Seam Welding)
b. ORSW
c. OSW
d. USW

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18. Spot welding are most commonly used in
a. Ships
b. Automobiles
c. Airplanes
d. Rafts

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19. The last step in welding time control.
a. Off period
b. Weld time
c. Squeeze time
d. Hold time

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20. The relative maximum workpiece thickness
where spot welding can be used.
a. 0.5 in
b. 1 in.
c. 1.5 in.
d. 0.25 in.

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21. Resistance welding was developed by this man
in and revolutionized the welding industry.
a. Isaac Asimov
b. Karel Capek
c. Thomas Seebeck
d. Elihu Thomson

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22. The year when resistance welding was
discovered.
a. 1935
b. 1798
c. 1886
d. 1945

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23.It is the fusion or growing of the
materials being together.
a. Coalition
b. Coincidence
c. Coalescense
d. Mixing

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24.Arc welding requires a voltage around _______.
a. 60 – 100 V
b. 150 -200 V
c. 400 – 440 V
d. 1000 – 5000 V

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25.During arc welding, the current is in the
range of _______.
a. 1 – 5 A
b. 5 – 50 A
c. 50 – 400 A
d. 500 – 4000 A

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26.The body structure of the car is welded
by ______.
a. Gas welding
b. Spot welding
c. Induction welding
d. Arc welding
27.For inspection of welding defects in thick
metals, which of the following ray is used to
photograph thick metals objects?
a. Gamma rays
b. Cosmic rays
c. Infrared rays
d. Ultraviolet rays

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II. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC DEVICES
1. ELECTRON TUBES
a. Thyratron
b. Ignitron
2. THYRISTOR
a. Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
b. Triac
3. BREAK-OVER DEVICES
a. Shockley Diode
b. Silicon Unilateral Switch
c. DIAC
d. Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS)
e. Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)
f. Gate Turn Off Switch
g. Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
h. Programmable Unijunction
PINOYBIXTransistor (PUT)
ELECTRON TUBES

a. THYRATRON
A gas filled triode used as
an electrode switch.

Giant GE Hydrogen Thyratron,

used in pulse radars

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ELECTRON TUBES

b. IGNITRON
Electron tube containing mercury
and function as a rectifier.

IGNITRON
1. Anode
2. Cathode
3. Ignitor
4. Mercury
5. Ceramic Insulators
6. Cooling Fluid

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 THYRISTOR
Solid state devices used as a switch in
applications that handles larger voltage and
currents.
Have at least four semiconductor layers.
Regenerative switching devices and cannot
operate in linear manner.

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THYRISTOR

SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

(SCR)
Most commonly used thyristor.
Three-terminal device used to control
large currents to a load.
Four layer semiconductor device usually
used in relay controls, time delay
circuits, regulated power supply and
phase controls.

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SCR Basic Construction and Equivalent Circuit

SCHEMATIC
SYMBOL

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SCR CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

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THYRISTOR

VBR - BREAK-OVER VOLTAGE

Voltage through which SCR starts to
conduct when gate current is zero.

IH - HOLDING CURRENT
Anode current between the conducting
state and non-conducting state.

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SCR GATE CHARACTERISTICS
SCR is fired by a short burst of current into
the gate typically 0.1 – 50 mA.

SCR’S CONDUCTION ANGLE (CA)

The angular degrees of an AC cycle during
which the SCR is turned on.

SCR’S FIRING DELAY ANGLE (FDA)

Angular degrees of an AC cycle that
elapses before SCR is turned on.

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PINOYBIX
PINOYBIX
Turning ON an SCR
Apply enough gate triggering current.
Apply anode voltage equal to break-
over voltage.

Turning OFF an SCR

Anode current interruption
Forced commutation

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THYRISTOR

b. TRIAC
Triode AC
A three-terminal device used to control
the average current flow to a load.
Can conduct current in either direction
when it is turned on so it is called a
bidirectional triode thyristor.
Acts like two SCR’s connected in inverse
parallel so that each SCR conducts
alternately for every half cycle of an AC
signal.
Gated DIAC
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TRIAC Schematic and Construction Diagram

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 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF TRIAC
1. Maximum Allowable Main Terminal RMS
Current
1 A, 3 A, 6 A, 10 A, 15 A and 25 A
2. Breakdown Voltage
Highest main terminal peak voltage the triac
can block in either direction typically 100 V,
200 V, 400 V and 600 V
3. On Stage Voltage Across the Terminals
Ideal value is 0 V
Typical value is 1-2 V

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 ADVANTAGES OF TRIAC OVER
MECHANICAL SWITCHES
No contact bounce

No arcing across partially opened contacts

Operates much faster

More precise control element

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BREAK-OVER DEVICES
Small thyristors which do not switch the
main load current.
Useful as triggering devices.

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BREAK-OVER DEVICES

a. SHOCKLEY DIODE
A 4-layer diode constructed like an SCR
but without gate terminal.
Unilateral triggering device for SCR.

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SHOCKLEY DIODE Schematic Symbol and Construction
Diagram

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SHOCKLEY DIODE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

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ADVANTAGES OF SHOCKLEY DIODE OVER
SCR

Relatively independent of temperature.

Break-over voltage can be held consistent from

one unit to another.

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BREAK-OVER DEVICES

b. SILICON UNILATERAL
SWITCH
Solid-state device that provides a
positive pulse.
Also a 4-layer diode with a typical
break-over voltage of 8 volts.
In terms of firing, it has faster rate
than Shockley diode.

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BREAK-OVER DEVICES

c. SILICON BILATERAL
SWITCH (SBS)
A bilateral or bidirectional break-
over device.
Two SUS connected back to back
in parallel.
Popular in low voltage trigger
control circuits.
Has lower break-over voltages
than diacs.

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PINOYBIX
ADVANTAGES OF SBS’S OVER DIACS

More vigorous switching characteristics

More temperature stable

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BREAK-OVER DEVICES

d. DIAC
Diode AC
Constructed like a TRIAC but without a
gate terminal
Used as a trigger for TRIAC circuits
Bilateral trigger diode
Symmetrical trigger diode because its
break-over voltage is close ±32 volts

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DIAC AND ITS SYMBOL

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DIAC CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

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BREAK-OVER DEVICES

e. SILICON CONTROLLED SWITCH

(SCS)
SCS turn off time is 1-10 µsec.
The higher the anode gate current, the
lower the required anode to cathode
voltage to turn on device on.
To turn on the device, a negative pulse
must be applied to the anode gate
terminal while a positive pulse is required
to turn off the device.

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PINOYBIX
ADVANTAGES OF SCS OVER SCR

Reduced turn off time

Increased control and triggering

sensitivity for a more predictable firing
situation.

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BREAK-OVER DEVICES

f. GATE TURN OFF SWITCH

Thyristors:
(a) Cross-section,
(b) silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) symbol,
(c) gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) symbol

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ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGESOF
OFGATE
GATETURN
TURNOFF
OFF
SWITCH (GTO)
SWITCH (GTO)

Can be turned on or off by applying the

Can be turned on or off by applying the
proper pulse to the cathode gate, required
proper pulse to the cathode gate, required
gate current for triggering is 20 mA.
gate current for triggering is 20 mA.

Improve switching characteristics with a turn

Improve switching characteristics with a turn
on time of 1 µsec and turn off time of 1
on time of 1 µsec and turn off time of 1
µsec.
µsec.

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 BREAK-OVER DEVICES

g. UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTOR (UJT)

Break-over type switching device
Double-based diode
Semiconductor device consisting of thin
silicon bar on which a PN junction acting as
emitter is formed near one end
Operates in the negative resistance region

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UJT Symbol and Characteristic Curve

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 APPLICATIONS OF UJT

Timers

Oscillators

Gate control circuits for SCRs and triacs

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INTRINSIC STAND-OFF RATIO (ŋ)

ŋ = RB1 / (RB1 + RB2)

INTERBASE RESISTANCE

RB2 + RB1 = RBB

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FIRING POTENTIAL
Necessary to fire the UJT.
Equal or greater than voltage across
emitter and base1.

Vp = ŋVBB + Vdiode

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BREAK-OVER DEVICES

h. PROGRAMMABLE UNIJUNCTION
TRANSISTOR (PUT)
Similar operating characteristics as UJT
Programmable because the internal
resistances of UJT are external for PUT
and can be selected to a certain desired
response.

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 Anode
Anode

Gate P
N Gate
P
N

Cathode Cathode

Symbol and PUT Construction

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REVIEW
QUESTIONS

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28. Referred to a bidirectional trigger diode.
a. Triac
b. UJT
c. BJT
d. Diac

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29. Voltage required to turn on any thyristor.
a. Trigger voltage
b. Breakover voltage
c. Barrier voltage
d. Supply voltage

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30. Also known as a four-layer diode.
a. Diac
b. Shockley diode
c. Zener diode
d. FET

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31. The thyristor counterpart of the
unijunction transistor.
a. UJT
b. PUT
c. SBS
d. SCS

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32. Minimum current required to keep a
thyristor “on”.
a. Holding current
b. Trigger current
c. Supply current
d. Collector current

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33.A unidirectional-three terminal device,
the most popular of thyristors.
a. SCS
b. Triac
c. UJT
d. SCR

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34. The angle of an AC supply voltage during
which an SCR is “off”.
a. Conduction angle
b. Firing delay angle
c. Right angle
d. Off angle

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35. Thyristors are most often used as
a. Switches
b. Amplifiers
c. Buffers
d. Decoders

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36. The total internal series resistance of the UJT.
a. Bulk’s resistance
b. Total resistance
c. Interbase resistance
d. RIS

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37. The most popular and typical
breakover voltage of a diac.
a. 32 V
b. 16 V
c. 8V
d. 4 V

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38. The peak voltage of a PUT is
a. VD + VBB
b. VG + VBB
c. V D + VG
d. VBB

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39. A UJT has η = 0.65 and is connected to a 20 V
supply. What is its VEB1?
a. 12 V
b. 13.6 V
c. 12.7 V
d. 14 V Solution:
VEB1 = VD + η V S
= 0.6 V + 0.65 (20
V)
= 13.6 V

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40. The three terminal semiconductor device that
acts in either direction.
a. Triac
b. SCR
c. Diac
d. SCS

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41. The P of PUT stands for
a. Programmable
b. Performance
c. Peak
d. Post

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42. The terminals of a UJT are
a. Gate, Anode, Cathode
b. Anode, Cathode
c. Emitter, Base
d. Emitter, Base1, Base2

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43. The lowest current that can prevent the
transition of a UJT from conduction to
blocking region.
a. Switching current
b. Emitter current
c. Valley current
d. Peak current

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44. The SCS has how many gate terminals?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3

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45. What device has two terminals connected in
inverse-parallel that pass in two directions?
a. Triac
b. Diac
c. Shockley
d. SCR

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46. What is the breakover voltage of a PUT if it
is connected to a 15 V supply across the gate
terminal?
a. 10.7 V
b. 23.7 V
c. 15.7 V
Solution:
d. 5.3 V VP = V D + VG
= 0.7 V + 15 V
=15.7 V

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47. The gap between the forward blocking
region and the forward conduction
region.
a. Band gap
b. Switching region
c. Jump gap
d. Negative resistance region

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48. The cathode of the PUT is the counterpart
of which terminal in UJT?
a. Anode
b. Base2
c. Emitter
d. Base1

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49.An electronic switch that has the
highest single device current capacity
and can withstand overloads better.
a. Thyratrons
b. Ignitrons
c. SCR
d. Triac

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50. Group of devices with 4 or more
semiconductor layers.
a. Transistors
b. Diodes
c. Thyristors
d. Op-Amps

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51.Identify which of the following is a three
layer device.
a. SCS
b. Diac
c. Triac
d. PUT

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52.What device can be modeled by a
diode and two resistors?
a. BJT
b. DIAC
c. SCR
d. UJT

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53.A junction that is formed by adding
controlled amounts of an impurity to
the melt during crystal growth is
termed as
a. Fused junction
b. Unijunction
c. Alloy junction
d. Doped junction

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54.A triac is a ______.
a. 2 terminal switch
b. 2 terminal bilateral switch
c. 3 terminal unilateral switch
d. 3 terminal bidirectional switch

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55.A thyristor equivalent of a
thyratron tube is _____.
a. Diac
b. Triac
c. SCR
d. PUT

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56.Which of the following describes a triac?
a. Conducts when not triggered
b. Conducts when not triggered in both
directions
c. Conducts when triggered in one direction
d. Conducts when triggered in both direction

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57.Minimum anode current to hold a thyristor
at conduction.
a. Trigger
b. Maintaining current
c. Holding current
d. Threshold voltage

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58.General term for semiconductor devices
primarily used as switches.
a. Shockley
b. Thyratron
c. Thyristor
d. Relay

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59. A two-terminal, unidirectional thyristor.
a. DIAC
b. Shockley
c. TRIAC
d. Diode

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60.A thyristor is basically ______.
a. PNPN device
b. A combination of diac and triac
c. A set of SCRs
d. A set of SCR, diac and triac

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61.What is the PNPN device with two
gates?
a. Diac
b. Triac
c. SUS
d. SCS

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62.Which device incorporates a terminal
for synchronizing purposes?
a. Diac
b. Triac
c. SUS
d. SCR

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63.An SCR is a _______.
a. Unijunction device
b. Device with three junctions
c. Device with four junctions
d. Device with two junctions

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64.A thyristor can be turned off
a. By reducing the anode current below the holding
current value
b. By reversing the anode voltage
c. Either a or b
d. Both a and b

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65.Minimum duration of pulse triggering
system for thyristors is ________.
a. At least 10 microseconds
b. At least 30 milliseconds
c. At least 10 milliseconds
d. At least 1 second

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66.A device that cannot be triggered by
voltage of either polarity is ________.
a. Diac
b. Triac
c. SCS
d. All of the above

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67.Technically, what is dicing means?
a. Process of joining two diacs
b. Circuit of reducing noise
c. Device for reducing magnetic and radio
interference
d. Process of breaking the silicon slice into chips

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68.The term used to describe the process
whereby two transistors with positive
feedback are used to simulate the action
of the thyristor.
a. Arcing
b. Latching
c. Damping
d. Switching

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69.It is the minimum anode current to hold a
thyristor at conduction.
a. Trigger
b. Maintaining current
c. Holding current
d. Threshold voltage

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70.Electron tube containing mercury
functioning as a rectifier.
a. Thyratron
b. Ignitron
c. Thyrector
d. SCR

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71.How do you stop the conduction during
which the SCR is also conducting?
a. Remove voltage gate
b. Increase cathode voltage
c. Interrupt anode current
d. Reduce gate curent

PINOYBIX
72.A series RC connected in parallel with an
SCR to eliminate false triggering is the
_______.
a. Crowbar
b. Snubber
c. Varistor
d. Eliminator

PINOYBIX
73.Which are the three terminals of a
TRIAC?
a. Gate, anode1 and anode2
b. Gate, source and sink
c. Base, emitter and collector
d. Emitter, base1 and base2

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74.The term used to describe the process
whereby two transistors with positive
feedback are used to simulate the action
of the thyristor.
a. Arcing
b. Latching
c. Damping
d. Switching

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75.The minimum emitter to base voltage to
trigger the UJT is the ________.
a. Forward breakover voltage
b. Trigger
c. Breakdown voltage
d. Peak voltage

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76.The ratio of the emitter to base1 resistance
to the interbase resistance of a UJT is called
________.
a. Aspect ratio
b. Current gain
c. Voltage gain
d. Intrinsic standoff ratio

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77.For a UJT, it is the region between the peak
and valley points as seen in its characteristics
curve.
a. Active region
b. Negative resistance region
c. Trigger region
d. Saturation region

PINOYBIX
78.This device is two zener diodes connected
back to back in series and is used to
support voltage surges and transients.
a. Thyristor
b. Varactor
c. Thyrector
d. Phanatron

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79.Refers to the number of degrees of an AC
cycle during which the SCR is turned on.
a. Conduction angle
b. Firing delay angle
c. Induction angle
d. ON angle

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80. A four-element solid state device that
combines the characteristics of a both diodes
and transistors.
a. Varactor
b. Zener diode
c. Tunnel diode
d. SCR

PINOYBIX
81. Electron tube equivalent to solid state SCR.
a. Triode
b. VTVM
c. CRT
d. Thyratron

PINOYBIX
82. Find the two stable operating conditions of
an SCR.
a. Conducting and non-conducting
b. Oscillating and quiescent
c. NPN conduction and PNP conduction
d. Forward conducting and reverse conducting

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83. How do you stop conduction during
which SCR is also conducting?
a. Remove voltage gate
b. Increase cathode voltage
c. Interrupt anode current
d. Reduce gate current

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84. When an SCR is triggered or on conducting,
its electrical characteristics are similar to
what other solid-state device (as measured
between its cathode and anode)?
a. The junction diode
b. The varactor diode
c. The tunnel diode
d. The hotcarrier diode

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85. Which of the following does not have a base
terminal?
a. UJT
b. PNP
c. SCR
d. NPN

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86. A series RC circuit that is connected
in parallel with an SCR to eliminate
false triggering.
a. Crowbar
b. Snubber
c. Varistor
d. Eliminator

PINOYBIX
87. A circuit that protects a sensitive circuit from
a sudden increase in supply voltage.
a. Crowbar
b. Snubber
c. Varistor
d. Eliminator

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88. A two-terminal, bidirectional thyristor.
a. DIAC
b. Shockley
c. TRIAC
d. Diode

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89. A DIAC is equivalent to inverse parallel
combination of
a. Shockley diodes
b. Schottky
c. BJT
d. SCR’s

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90. A TRIAC is equivalent to inverse parallel
combination of
a. Shockley
b. Schottky
c. BJT
d. SCR’s

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91. Which are the three terminals of a TRIAC?
a. Gate, anode1 and anode2
b. Gate, source and sink
c. Base, emitter and collector
d. Emitter, base1 and base2

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92. Which device can be modeled by a diode
and two resistors?
a. BJT
b. DIAC
c. SCR
d. UJT

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93. The minimum emitter to base 1 voltage to
trigger the UJT.
a. Forward breakover voltage
b. Trigger
c. Breakdown voltage
d. Peak voltage

PINOYBIX
94. The ratio of the emitter to base1 resistance
to the interbase resistance of a UJT.
a. Aspect ratio
b. Current gain
c. Voltage gain
d. Intrinsic standoff ratio

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95. For UJT, it is the region between the peak and
valley points.
a. Active region
b. Negative resistance region
c. Trigger region
d. Saturation region

PINOYBIX
96. Typical breakover voltage of an SBS.
a. 2 V
b. 4 V
c. 8V
d. 16 V

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97. The trigger current is applied to the…
a. Anode
b. Gate
c. Cathode
d. Base

PINOYBIX
98. The region where breakover voltage of
the SBS drops to 1 V instantaneously.
a. Falldown region
b. Fallback region
c. Breakback region
d. Breakdown region

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99. The ratio of RB1 and RBB is called
a. Intrinsic standoff ratio
b. Reuber’s ratio
c. Common mode rejection ratio
d. Cat’s ratio

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CONTROL SYSTEM

a. OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

Controlled directly by an input signal.
It has no feedback and therefore less
accurate.
Usually requires an operator to control
the speed and direction of movement of
the output.

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PINOYBIX
CONTROL SYSTEM

b. CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

Can respond and move loads quickly.
With greater accuracy.
Has an automatic feedback system that
informs the input the desired
movement has taken place.

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PINOYBIX
SERVO SYSTEM
Classified as closed-loop system

BASIC SERVO SYSTEM

Normally made up of
electromechanical parts and consists of
a synchro control system, servo
amplifier and feedback.

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 BASIC SERVO SET-UP

INPUT CONTROL AMP MOTOR LOAD

FEEDBACK

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BASIC SERVO SYSTEM
a. POSITION SERVO
Control the position of the load.
In AC position servo, the amplitude and
phase of the AC error signal determine the
amount and direction the load will be
driven.
In the DC position servo system, the
amplitude and polarity of the DC error
signal are used to determine the amount
and direction of the load will be driven.

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Potentiometer is one of the simplest
position sensor device and is generally
used because of its small size, high
accuracy and output which can either be
AC or DC.
Balanced potentiometer in a closed loop
servo system is a voltage divider that
functions as a position sensor and
produces the error voltage that is fed to
the servo amplifier.

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LINEAR POSITION SERVO

PINOYBIX
BASIC SERVO SYSTEM

b. VELOCITY SERVO
Same principle of error signal generation
as position servo except that the velocity
is being sensed rather than the position.

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BASIC SERVO SYSTEM

c. ACCELERATION SERVO
Similar to velocity and position servos
except that the acceleration of the
load is being sensed rather than
position or velocity.
The tachometer of the velocity loop is
replaced with an accelerometer.

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HIGH ACCELERATION SERVO

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DAMPING
Used to stabilize a system to
minimize or eliminate the problem
of overshot.

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 DAMPING CONDITIONS

UNDERDAMPED
Provides instant response to an error
signal but results in the load oscillating
about the point of synchronism.

OVERDAMPED
Takes as excessive amount of time to
reach synchronization.

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OVERDAMPED

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UNDERDAMPED

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 TIME LAG
Servo characteristics defined as the time
between the input of the signal and the
actual movement of the load.
Undesirable and is reduce with the use of
high gain amplifiers.
Damping systems are added to smoothen
the operation.

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 SERVO DEVICES
a. AC SERVO MOTORS
Used in servo systems that move light
loads.

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 SERVO DEVICES
b. DC SERVO MOTORS
Control heavy loads and are widely used
in servo systems.

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 SERVO DEVICES
c. E-TRANSFORMER
Magnetic error detector that can be used
in systems limited by large angular
movements.

CROSSED E-TRANSFORMER
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 SERVO DEVICES
d. MODULATORS
Used to change a DC error signal into an
AC input error signal for servo
amplifiers.

e. DEMODULATORS
Convert AC error signal to DC error
signal.
Drive a DC servo amplifier.

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 SERVO DEVICES
f. MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS
Used when power from a conventional
servo amplifier is too small to drive a
large servo motors.

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 SERVO DEVICES
g. RATE GENERATOR
Tachometer
Used in the velocity servo loop.

PRECISION RATE GENERATOR

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 SERVO DEVICES
h. SERVO AMPLIFIER
Used in AC or DC servo system.
Must have a flat gain, minimum phase
shift and low noise level.

DIGITAL SERVO AMPLIFIER

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 V. GYRO
GYROSCOPE
Applied to any rapidly spinning object.
A functional gyroscope is constructed
and mounted.
RATE GYROS are specially mounted
so they are free to precess in only one
direction and are used to measure
angular rates.

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 GYROSCOPE

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 PROPERTIES OF GYROS
1. RIGIDITY
Tendency of a spinning wheel to remain
in fixed position in space.

Factors that Affect Rigidity

a. Weight
b. Shape
c. Speed of rotation of the rotor

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 PROPERTIES OF GYROS
2. PRECESSION
Property of a gyro that causes it to
tilt in a direction perpendicular to
the direction of any outside force.
The direction of precession in a gyro
is always 90° from the direction of
the applied force.

PINOYBIX
COMPONENTS OF A UNIVERSALLY
MOUNTED GYRO
1. Rotor
2. Inner Gimbal
3. Outer Gimbal
4. Base

PINOYBIX
REVIEW
QUESTIONS

PINOYBIX
100.It is a system in which a precise
movement of a large load is controlled by a
relatively weak control signal.
a. Synchro
b. Servo
c. Gyro
d. Motor

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101.It is the name given to the electrical
output of the control transformer.
a. Error signal
b. Correct signal
c. Differential signal
d. Error free signal

PINOYBIX
102.In a servo system, there are series of
overshoots which are known as ______.
a. Eating
b. Climbing
c. Hunting
d. Resting

PINOYBIX
103.This principle stabilizes a system
to minimize the problem of
overshoot.
a. Clamping
b. Fanning
c. Damping
d. Lagging

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104.It is the property of gyro causing it to
tilt in a direction perpendicular to the
direction of any outside force.
a. Recession
b. Tecession
c. Precession
d. Post session

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105.It is the tendency of a spinning
wheel to remain in fixed position in
space.
a. Mobility
b. Rigidity
c. Accuracy
d. Alternativity

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106.A universally mounted gyro has how
many gimbals?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four

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107.In what direction will a gyro precess in
response to an outside force?
a. Perpendicular to the force
b. Perpendicular to the spin axis
c. Parallel to the force
d. Parallel to the spin axis

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108.How many degrees of freedom does a
rate gyro usually have?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four

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109.What gyro characteristics provide the basis
for the operation of rate gyro?
a. Decision
b. Precession
c. Weight
d. Spin

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110.What is defined as a device that gives an
indication usually in the form of a voltage
that is proportional to the acceleration to
which it is subjected?
a. Inertia meter
b. Accelerometer
c. Speedometer
d. Voltmeter

PINOYBIX