Chapter 17

Electric Utility Applications

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A Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. High-voltage dc Transmission

3. Static var Compensators

4. Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources

and Storage Systems to the Utility Grid

5. Active Filters
2/23
Introduction

High-voltage DC Transmission
Application

Static var Compensators

Power
Electric
Interconnection of
Device
Renewable Energy Sources

Interconnection of Storage
Systems to the Utility Grid

3/23
HVDC Transmission 1/10

A Typical HVDC transmission system

Transform up to the transmission level !
Prevent excessive current ripple !

Transmit over
AC transmission
Rectifying and distribution
line to wherever !

To Reduce
Current
Harmonics !

DC Transmission LINE !

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HVDC Transmission 2/10

Twelve-pulse converter arrangement

☞ Two 6-pulse converters connect through Y-Y and △-Y

☞ Two 6-pulse converters connect in series on the DC side and in
parallel on the ac side

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HVDC Transmission 3/10

Idealized waveforms
Assuming LS=0 , id(t)=Id , Vas1n1 leads Vas2n2 by 30˚

i a  i a1  i a 2

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HVDC Transmission 4/10

DC Side voltage waveforms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

12 Ripple
pulses!
vd  vd1  vd 2

Just
Phase Shifted by 30˚

Vd 3 2 3Ls
Vd 1  Vd 2   VLL cos   Id (by. CHAP 6)
2   α > 90˚ :Inverter Mode
α< 90˚ :Rectifier Mode
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HVDC Transmission 5/10

Rectifier Mode of Operation

Assuming LS=0 , id(t)=Id , Delay angle “α”
( Phase-to-neutral Voltage )

( Phase-to-neutral Current )

( Fundamental frequency
current component )

6
Reactive Power Q1  3V LL ( I d ) sin   1.35V LL I d sin 
By Chap 6

6
Real Power Pd 1  3V LL ( I d ) cos   1.35V LL I d cos 

By Chap 6

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HVDC Transmission 6/10

Inverter Mode of Operation-1

In the Inverter mode, the DC voltage
of the converter acts like a counter-
emf in a dc motor
☞ Define the dc voltage polarity
☞ DC Voltage Positive
Delay angle

Extinction angle Overlap angle

  180  (  u)
V
Vd 1  Vd 2  d
2
3LS
 1.35VLL cos   Id

By Chap 6

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 HVDC Transmission 7/10

Inverter Mode of Operation-2

  90 

Reactive Power Q1  1.35V LL I d sin 

By Chap 6
Phasor Diagram
Real Power Pd 1  1.35VLL I d cos 
By Chap 6

The fundamental-frequency reactive current

lags behind the phase-to-neutral voltage

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HVDC Transmission 8/10

Control of HVDC Transmission System

DC resistance of the positive
transmission line conductor

Inverter Mode
Inverter is operated at the
:VdB Positive Value minimum extinction angle and
Steady state Trandmission the rectifier in the current-control
current mode
VdA  VdB
: Id  Rdc

11/23
HVDC Transmission 9/10

DC-Side Filters
High pass filter
impedance
12-Pulse converter
vs.
DC-side equivalent
circuit frequency

Tuned for the lowest

Several hundreads mH –Large
smoothing inductor + HP filter 12th harmonic frequency
☞ To limit the flow of harmonic ☞ Lowest Impedance
currents on the transmission line

12/23
HVDC Transmission 10/10

AC side filters and power factor correction

AC-Side Filters capacitors-Equivalent circuit

Tuned for the lowest 11th and the

13th harmonic frequencies

13/23
Static var Compensators 1/4

Effect of Reactive Power on Voltage Magnitude (by Ip & Iq)

Change in Iq

I q  I p : Constant
 V : Drop!
Equivalent
Circuit

Change in Ip

I p  I q : Constant
 V : Small Drop!

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Static var Compensators 2/4

Thyristor-Controlled Inductor (TCI) – TYPE 1

α = 0˚
- Thyristor ☞ Diode
- Sinusoidal current
α = 0 ˚ ~ 90˚
Equivalent - IL Lags behind Vs

Circuit by 90˚

α = 120˚, 135 ˚
- Available Control!
- α↑ ☞ IL↓

15/23
Static var Compensators 3/4

Thyristor-Switched Capacitors (TSCs) – TYPE 2

Integral Half-cycle control

Limit !!
Overcurrents
At Switch-on

Back-to-Back
Connected
Thyristor

• Transient current at switching must be minimized

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Static var Compensators 4/4

Instantaneous VAR Controller (SATCOM) – TYPE 3

17/23
Photovoltaic Array Interconnection 1/2

Characteristics of Solar Cells

I-V Characteristics

• The maximum power point is at

the knee of the characteristics

Constant current Segment

Constant voltage Segment

18/23
 Photovoltaic Array Interconnection 2/2

High frequency photovoltaic interface

Circuit diagram of an interface that utilizes a high-frequency transformer
ARRAY

Filtering Rectifying
DC ☞ Line-voltage
High ☞
frequency AC Line-frequency

19/23
 Wind and Small Hydro Interconnection
Interconnection of wind/ hydro generator
☞ A switch-mode inverter may be needed on the wind generator side also

AC ☞ DC Switch-mode inverter
DC ☞ AC

20/23
 Minesota Interface (New Topology)
New topology, Utility interface
vas

ias

Two controlled Thyristor

Switch inverter
- Power Factor ≒ 1
- THD = just 3.4%

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Energy Storage system for Utility Load Leveling

Vertical cross section

Fuel cells
To Reduce Batteries
Utility load peaks
Superconductive energy
storage inductors

Superconductive energy
storage inductor
interconnection

22/23
Active Filters
Active Filters for Harmonic Elimination
Fundamental Frequency Distortion component
component

Active filters inject a nullifying current so that the

current drawn from the utility is nearly sinusoidal

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