CE 315

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I

3 Hours per Week
No. of Credit: 3.0

Different Types of Loads & L

Serviceability E
C
By T
Prof. Dr. Md. Jahangir Alam U
R
E
Department of Civil Engineering 06
Chittagong University of Engineering &
Technology
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LOADS ON STRUCTURES
 Structural members must be designed to
support specific loads.
 Loads are those forces for which a given
structure should be proportioned.
 Loads that act on structures can be divided
into three broad categories-
 Dead load
 Live load
 Environmental load
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LOADS ON STRUCTURES
DEAD LOAD

 Dead loads are those that are constant in

magnitude and fixed in location throughout
the lifetime of the structure.

 Dead loads include the weight of the

structure (its self-weight) and any permanent
material placed on the structure such as-

 Floor finish (tiles, mosaic, plaster

finish)
 Partition Walls
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LOADS ON STRUCTURES
DEAD LOAD

 For bridges, dead loads may include wearing

surfaces, sidewalks and curbs.

 Dead loads can be determined with a high

degree of accuracy from the dimensions of
the elements and the unit weight of materials.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LOADS ON STRUCTURES
LIVE LOAD

 Live loads consist of occupancy loads in

buildings and traffic loads on bridges.

 In buildings the sources of live loads are-

 Movement of People
 Furniture etc.

 The live loads may be either fully or partially

in place or not present at all and may also
change in location.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LOADS ON STRUCTURES
LIVE LOAD

 Their magnitude and distribution at any

given time are uncertain and even their
maximum intensities throughout the lifetime
of the structure are not known with precision.

 The minimum live loads for which the floors

and roof of a building should be designed are
usually specified in the building code.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LOADS ON STRUCTURES
ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD

• Environmental loads consists of-

 Wind pressure & suction

 Snow loads
 Earthquake loads
 Soil pressures on subsurface portions
of structures
 Loads from possible ponding of
rainwater on flat surfaces
 Forces caused by temperature
differentials
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LOADS ON STRUCTURES
ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD

 Like live loads, environmental loads at any

given time are uncertain in both magnitude
and distribution.

 Specification for the minimum design

environmental loads are available in building
code.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

BUILDING CODE

 Building Code is defined as a specification of

different types of loads that should be used in
designing different types of structures.

 The specification for structural materials are

also specified in the code.

 The specification for different loads and

materials vary from place to place.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

AVAILABLE BUILDING CODES

 Some Building Codes are-

 American Concrete Institute (ACI)

Code
 International Building Code (IBC)
 Euro Code
 British Standard (BS) Code

 For Bangladesh we have the following-

 Bangladesh National Building Code

(BNBC)
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LIVE LOADS FOR VARIOUS

OCCUPANCIES
According to BNBC-1993
Live Load
Occupanc
Use of Floor
y () psf
One or Two Family Dwellings

1 Room, internal corridor,

2.0 40
private stair

2 External stair & corridor 3.0 60

ancy – A)
ENTIAL

1 Bed room, living room, bath

room, 2.0 40
ow
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LIVE LOADS FOR VARIOUS

OCCUPANCIES
According to BNBC-1993
Live Load
Occupan
Use of Floor
cy () psf
INSTITUTION & HEALTH CARE

1 Dressing room, toilet, hospital

2.0 40
ward & cabin
2 Office room, staff room 2.5 50
ollege, University, Orphanage,

3 X-ray room, operating room,

2.5 50
utility room
ccupancy – B, C & d)

Hospital, Clinic etc.

4 Class room, lecture room, lounge,

3.0 60
cafeteria
5 Laboratory, kitchen, laundry 3.0 60
6 Balcony, corridor, lobby 4.0 80
7 Assembly room, fire escape, store
5.0 100
room
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

SERVICEABILITY

 To serve its purpose, a structure must be safe

against collapse and serviceable in use.

 Serviceability requires that-

 Deflections should be adequately
small.
 Cracks should be kept in tolerable
limits.
 Vibration should be minimized.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

STRENGTH & STRUCTURAL

SAFETY
 Safety requires that the strength of the
structure be adequate for all loads that may
act on it.

 There are a number of sources of uncertainty

in the analysis, design and construction of
reinforced concrete structures.

 These sources of uncertainty require a

definite margin of safety.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

STRENGTH & STRUCTURAL

SAFETY
SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY

 Actual loads may differ from those assumed.

 Actual loads may be distributed in a different

manner from that assumed.

 The actual structural behavior may differ

from that assumed, owing to imperfect
knowledge.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

STRENGTH & STRUCTURAL

SAFETY
SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY

 Actual member dimensions may differ from

those specified.

 Reinforcement may not be in its proper

position.

 Actual material strength may be different

from that specified.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

STRENGTH & STRUCTURAL

SAFETY
 In the establishment of a safety specification,
consideration must be given to the
consequences of failure.
 In many cases, loss of life and significant
loss of property may be involved.
 A further consideration should be the nature
of failure it should occur.
 A gradual failure with ample warning
permitting remedial measures is preferable to
a sudden unexpected collapse.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

DESIGN METHODS

 The design of reinforced concrete structures

can be accomplished by-
 Ultimate Stress Design (USD) method
 Working Stress Design (WSD) method
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN (USD)

 The single most important characteristics of
any structural member is its actual strength,
which must be large enough to resist, with
some margin to spare, all foreseeable loads
that may act on it during the life of the
structure.
 It is, therefore, logical to proportion
members, i.e., to select concrete dimensions
and reinforcement in such a manner that
member strengths are adequate to resist
forces resulting from certain hypothetical
overload stages, significantly above loads
expected actually to occur in service.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)

 Historically, members were proportioned so
that stresses in the steel and concrete
resulting from normal service loads were
within specified limits i.e., 0.4 to 0.5 times
the concrete and steel strengths.
 This is known as working stress design.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN USD &

WSD
USD method WSD method
Based on the highest load that
Based on the actual calculated
would act in the structure from
load combinations that would act
specified factored load
in the structure.
combinations.
A portion of the stress is allowed
Highest stress allowed in the
in the member i.e., 0.4 to 0.5
member i.e., the ultimate strength
times of the ultimate strength of
of concrete and the yield strength
concrete and the yield strength of
of steel.
steel.

Design method in practice now. Not practiced now-a-days.

 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

SAFETY PROVISIONS IN USD (ACI)

   The design strength () of a structure or
member must be at least equal to the required
strength (U) calculated from the factored
loads.

Or

 The nominal strength () is computed by

accepted methods.
 The required strength (U) is calculated by
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

SAFETY PROVISIONS IN USD (ACI)

 The respective service loads are (ACI)-
 Dead load, D
 Live load, L
 Wind load, W
 Earthquake load, E
 Earth pressure, H
 Fluid pressure, F
 Snow load, S
 Rain load, R
 Environmental effects, T (include
settlement, creep, shrinkage &
temperature change
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LOAD COMBINATIONS
 Load combinations are used to determine the
highest load that a structure would resist in
the service life.

 The load combinations in the ACI code 318-

05 and in the BNBC-1993 are showed here.
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LOAD COMBINATIONS (ACI 318-

Condition
05)Factored Load, U
Basic U = 1.2D+1.6L
Dead plus Fluid U = 1.4 (D+F)
U = 1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5( or S or R)

Snow, Rain, U = 1.2D+1.6( or S or R)+(L or 0.8W)

Temperature, Wind U = 1.2D+1.6W+L+0.5( or S or R)
U = 0.9D+1.6W+1.6H
U = 1.2D+1.0E+1.0L+0.2S
Earthquake
U = 0.9D+1.0E+1.6H

  D=Dead load; L=Live load; =Roof live load; W=Wind;

E=Earthquake; H=Earth pressure; F=Fluid; S=Snow;
R=Rain; T=Environmental effects (include settlement,
creep, shrinkage & temperature change
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

LOAD COMBINATIONS (BNBC-

1. U = 1.4D 1993)
2. U = 1.4D+1.7L
3. U = 1.4D+1.4S
4. U = 0.9D+1.3 (W or 1.1E)
5. U = 0.9D+1.7 (H or F)
6. U = 1.4D+1.7L+1.7 (H or F)
7. U = 0.75 [1.4D+1.4S+1.7L]
8. U = 0.75 [1.4D+1.4S+1.7 (w or 1.1E)]
9. U = 0.75 [1.4D+1.7L+1.7W]
10. U = 0.75 [1.4D+1.7L+1.7 (H or F)+1.7 (W or
1.1E)]
11. U = 0.75 [1.4D+1.4S+1.7L]+1.7 (H or F)+1.7 (W
or 1.1E)]
12. U =load;
D=Dead 1.4 (D+L+E)
L=Live load; W=Wind; E=Earthquake;
H=Earth pressure; F=Fluid; S=Environmental effects
(include settlement, creep, shrinkage & temperature change
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR

   The nominal strength of a section that is
calculated must be multiplied by the strength
reduction factor, , which is always less than
1.
 The strength reduction factor has several
purposes:
 To allow for the probability of under-strength
sections due to variations in dimensions,
material properties etc.
 To reflect the importance of the member in the
structure.
 To reflect the required reliability under the
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

STRENGTH REDUCTION
FACTORS (ACI)
Strength reduction
Strength condition
factor ()
Tension controlled sections 0.90
Compression controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.75
Other reinforced members 0.65
Shear and torsion 0.75
Bearing on concrete 0.65
Post-tensioned
Post-tensioned anchorage
anchorage zones
zones 0.85
0.85
Strut
Strut and
and tie
tie models
models 0.75
0.75
 Different Types of Loads & Serviceability

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR

   The strength reduction factors in the ACI
code have different values depending on the
state of knowledge, i.e., the accuracy with
which various strengths can be calculated.
 Thus, the value for bending is higher than
that for shear or bearing.
 values also reflect the probable importance
of a particular member for the survival of
structure.
 Hence, a lower value is used for columns
than for beams.