CE 315

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I

3 Hours per Week
No. of Credit: 3.0

Flexure in Beams L
E
C
By
Prof. Dr. Md. Jahangir Alam
T
U
R
E
Department of Civil Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering & 09
Technology
 Flexure in Beams

METHODS OF ANALYSIS & DESIGN

The design approaches of beams are-

 Elastic Design

 Strength Design
 Flexure in Beams

METHODS OF ANALYSIS & DESIGN

ELASTIC DESIGN

• Elastic design is considered valid for the

homogeneous plain concrete beam as long as
the tensile stress does not exceed the
modulus of rupture fr .

• Elastic design can also be applied to a

reinforced concrete beam using the working
stress design (WSD) or allowable stress
design (ASD) approach.
 Flexure in Beams

METHODS OF ANALYSIS & DESIGN

WSD or ASD ASSUMPTIONS

• A plain section before bending remains plane

after bending.

• Stress is proportional to strain (Hooke’s Law)

• Tensile stress for concrete is considered zero

and reinforcing steel carries all the tension.

• The bond between the concrete and steel is

perfect, so no slip occurs.
 Flexure in Beams

METHODS OF ANALYSIS & DESIGN

STRENGTH DESIGN

• This method is the modern approach for the

analysis and design of reinforced concrete.

• The assumptions are similar to those outlined

for the WSD or ASD with one exception-
o Compressive concrete stress is approximately
proportional to strain up to moderate loads.
As the load increases, the approximate
proportionality ceases to exit and the stress
diagram takes a shape similar to the concrete
stress-strain curve of the following figure.
 Flexure in Beams

METHODS OF ANALYSIS & DESIGN

 Flexure in Beams

BEAM BEHAVIOR UNDER LOAD :

REVIEW
AT VERY SMALL
LOADS
TRESSES ELASTIC &
ECTION UNCRACKED

Tensile stress in concrete is below modulus of

rupture
 Flexure in Beams

BEAM BEHAVIOR UNDER LOAD :

REVIEW
AT MODERATE
LOADS
TRESSES ELASTIC &
SECTION CRACKED

 Tensile stress in concrete exceeds modulus of

rupture.
 Concrete cracks and steel resists tensile stress.
 Occurs at approximately .
 Flexure in Beams

BEAM BEHAVIOR UNDER LOAD :

REVIEW
AT HIGHER FLEXURAL
FLEXURAL
LOADS
TRESSES INELASTIC & STRENGTH by ACI
STRENGTH by ACI
(USD) approach
SECTION CRACKED (USD) approach

 Concrete cracks in an irreversible manner.

 Steel bar yields and will not return to its original
length.
 Flexure in Beams

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD :

ASSUMPTIONS
   A plane section before bending remains
plane after bending.

 Stresses and strains are approximately

proportional up to moderate loads (concrete
stress). When the load is increased, the
variation in the concrete stress is no longer
linear.

 Tensile strength of concrete is neglected in

the design of reinforced concrete beams.
 Flexure in Beams

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD :

ASSUMPTIONS
   The maximum usable concrete compressive
strain at the extreme fiber is assumed equal
to 0.003.

 The steel is assumed to be uniformly strained

to the strain that exists at the level of the
centroid of the steel. Also if the strain in the
steel is less than the yield strain of the steel ,
the stress in the steel is . If , the stress in steel
will be equal to .

 The bond between the steel and concrete is

 Flexure in Beams

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD :

ASSUMPTIONS
0.003

Elastic
Region

 
𝑓 𝑦
Stress

 
𝝐 𝒚
 
𝝐 𝒚Strain
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
ULTIMATE MOMENT CAPACITY

 The ultimate moment for a reinforced

concrete beam can be defined as the moment
that exists just prior to the failure of the
beam.

 In order to evaluate this moment, we have to

examine the stresses, strains and forces that
exist in the beam.
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
Ultimate
Moment
Capacity
FLEXURAL Reinforced Concrete
FLEXURAL
STRENGTH by ACI Beam
STRENGTH by ACI
(USD) approach  as a limit
(USD) approach
′
 𝒇 𝒄

N.A.
C
z
T
  as a limit
 𝝐 𝒔 ≥ 𝝐 𝒚
STRAI STRES FORC
N S E
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
 
Possible Values for Concrete Strains due to
Loading (Modes of Failure)

 Concrete compressive strain is less than

0.003 when the maximum tensile steel unit
equal its yield stress as a limit.

 Maximum compressive concrete strain

equals 0.003 and the tensile steel unit stress
is less than its yield stress .
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
 
NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

 The forces and , and the distance separated

them constitute an internal resisting couple
whose maximum value is termed Nominal
Moment Capacity of the bending member.

 As a limit, this nominal moment must be

capable of resisting the actual design
bending moment induced by the applied
loads.
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
 
NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

 The determination of the moment capacity is

complex because of-
 The shape of the compressive
stress diagram above the neutral
axis.

 Not only is difficult to evaluate

but also its location relative to
the tensile steel is difficult to
  as a limit establish.
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY
Stress Distribution at Ultimate Load
  𝝐𝒖

 𝜷 𝒄
𝑪=𝜶
  𝒇 ′𝒄 𝒃𝒄
 𝒄  𝒄

 𝒅  𝒅
 𝒛=𝒅 − 𝜷 𝒄

𝑻
  = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇 𝒔   𝒇𝒔
𝝐 𝒔=
𝑬𝒔
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
 
DETERMINATION OF NOMINAL
MOMENT CAPACITY OF RC BEAM
 To determine the moment capacity, it is
necessary only to know-
 The total resultant compressive force in
the concrete, and

 Its location from the outer compressive

fiber, from which the distance may be
established.
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
 
DETERMINATION OF NOMINAL
MOMENT CAPACITY OF RC BEAM
 In a rectangular beam, the area in
compression is bc, and total compression
force on this area can be expressed as-

Where, is the average compressive stress on the

area bc.

 If then
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
 
DETERMINATION OF NOMINAL
MOMENT CAPACITY OF RC BEAM

 For a given distance to the neutral axis, the

location of can be defined as some fraction
of this distance.

 Thus, for a concrete of given strength it is

necessary to know only and to determine
the moment capacity.
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
DETERMINATION OF NOMINAL
MOMENT CAPACITY OF RC BEAM

Variation of α and β with concrete strength

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
α, β

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 1000011000
fc' (psi)
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
 
DETERMINATION OF NOMINAL
MOMENT CAPACITY OF RC BEAM
Now, from equilibrium-

The bending moment-

For failure initiated by yielding of tension

steel, .
So-
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
 
DETERMINATION OF NOMINAL
MOMENT CAPACITY OF RC BEAM
Alternatively, using, ,

The nominal moment,

With the specific, experimentally obtained

values of α and β,
 Flexure in Beams

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
 
DETERMINATION OF NOMINAL
MOMENT CAPACITY OF RC BEAM
 The and may easily be established by
replacing the unknown complex
compressive stress distribution by a
fictitious (equivalent) one of simple
geometrical shape (e.g., rectangle)

 Provided that the fictitious distribution

results in the same total applied at the
same location as in the actual distribution
when it is at the point of failure.