Types of

Stress
Turdalieva Daria HL 2-19 A

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 Content
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• What is a Stress?
• Types of Stress
• Degrees of Stress
• Types of Word Stress
• Place of Word Stress
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Stress
Stress  is relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in
a word , or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence . That emphasis is
typically caused by such properties as increased loudness and vowel
length, full articulation of the vowel, and changes in tone. The
terms stress is often used synonymously in that context but are sometimes
distinguished.
 Types of Stress
Syllable Stress: when one syllable in a word is pronounced
louder and more clearly than adjacent syllables.
Word Stress : when one word is pronounced louder and more
clearly than adjacent words in a sentence.
Phrase, Clause or Sentence Stress : when one
phrase, clause or sentence is pronounced louder and more clearly
than adjacent phrases, clauses or sentences in a paragraph.

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Degrees of Stress
Primary stress:  the loudest syllable in the word. In one-syllable words, that one
syllable has the primary stress (except for a handful of short function words
like the, which might not have any stress at all). Primary stress is marked in IPA by
putting a raised vertical line [ˈ] at the beginning of the syllable.

Secondary stress:  syllables which aren't completely unstressed, but aren't as

loud as the primary stress. Secondary stress is marked with a lowered vertical
line [ˌ] at the beginning of the syllable.

Unstressed syllables:  syllables that have no stress at all. In English, almost all
of these have schwa [ə] for their vowel, though [i] will also often be unstressed, like
the [i] in happy [ˈhæpi]. (Very rarely, another non-schwa vowel might be unstressed,
like the [o] of potato [pəˈteto] for most speakers.)
 
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Types of Word Stress 

Word stress can be defined as the singling out of one or more syllables in
a word, which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance,
pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the
sound, which is usually a vowel. In different languages one of the factors
constituting word stress is usually more significant than the others.
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Types of Word Stress 

 If special prominence in a stressed syllable or syllables is achieved mainly through
the intensity of articulation, such type of stress is called dynamic, or force
stress.
 If special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainly through the change
of pitch, or musical tone, such accent is called musical, or tonic. It is
characteristic of the Japanese, Korean and other oriental languages.
 If special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved through the changes in the
quantity of the vowels, which are longer in the stressed syllables than in the
unstressed ones, such type of stress is called quantitative.
 Qualitative type of stress is achieved through the changes in the quality of the
vowel under stress
 Languages are also differentiated according to the place of word stress. The traditional
classification of languages concerning place of stress in a word is into those with a fixed
stress and those with a free stress.

In languages with a fixed stress the occurrence of the word stress is limited to a particular
syllable in a polysyllabic word. For instance, in French the stress falls on the last syllable of
the word (if pronounced in isolation), in Finnish and Czech it is fixed on the first syllable, in
Polish on the one but last syllable.

In languages with a free stress its place is not confined to a specific position in the word. In
one word it may fall on the first syllable, in another on the second syllable, in the third word
— on the last syllable, etc. The free placement of stress is exemplified in the English and
Russian languages, e.g. English: 'appetite - be'ginning - ba'lloon; Russian: озеро - погода -
молоко.

Place of Word Stress  08

Bibliography
• https://
www.whatiselt.com/single-post/2018/08/03/What-i
s-Word-Stress

• http://
69.5.23.20/f2/1_K/commerce/Intro/002b_Stress_K
CoA.htm

• https://studopedia.org/12-61494.html