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Cleavage, Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula
Cleavage, Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula
GASTRULA, NEURULA
Lecture 2
Cleavag
e
• Mitosis
• Duplication of cells
• 1 2 4 8 16 etc.
• zygote morula blastula gastrula
neurula embryo fetus
• Yolk
• Contains nutrients for the zygote
Cleavag
eame
N Number of cells
Zygote 1-8
Morula 16-64
Blastula 128-15,000
Gastrula >15,000
Neurula Neural tube formation
Embryo Period of organogenesis (2-8 weeks)*
Fetus Period of growth (2-9 months)*
* In humans
Distribution of
•yolk
Oligolecithal (ex. Amphioxus, star fish, sea
urchins and mammals)
• Eggs with little yolk
• Cleavage produces cells of roughly the same size
• Mesolecithal (ex. Amphibians)
• Moderate amount of yolk
• Yolk impedes cleavage formation
• Produces cells of unequal size
• Holoblastic cleavage
• Telolecithal (ex. Reptiles or Birds)
• Large amount of yolk
• Cell division occurs only at one area
• Meroblastic cleavage
Amphioxus
Cleavag
e
• First division begins at the animal pole
• Second division perpendicular to the first
• And so on… forming blastomeres.
Cleavage in different yolk
distributions
Blastula formation in
Amphioxus
• Formation of a fluid filled cavity within the developing
embryo, called blastocoele, through a Na+ pump
Blastula formation in
Amphibians
Blastula formation in
Birds
Blastula formation in
Birds
Blastula formation in
Mammals
• Blastula or blastocyst
• Similar to initial cleavage in amphioxus or sea urchins,
then follows cleavage similar to birds
• At the morula stage blastula stage becomes
• Process called compaction