DATA PRESENTATION AND

NARRATIVE WRITING

PRESENTED BY:
SADAF GUL DURRANI
BAKHTAWAR SHAMSHE MALIK
AZKA NASEEM GOLRA
BUSHRA NAYAB PARACHA
 CONTEXT
 DATA

 TYPES OF DATA
1. QUANTITATIVE DATA
2. QUALITATIVE DATA

 DATA PRESENTATION
1. TABULATION
2. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
3. TABULATION

 NARRATIVE WRITING
DATA:

 An observation collected in respect of any characteristics or

event is called data.

INFORMATION:
Raw data carry little meaning, when it is considered alone.
The data is minimized, processed and analyzed and then
presented systematically. So that it is converted to information.
TYPES OF DATA:

 To give holistic picture of classification data can be divided into two types

 Quantitative data (numerical):

 the data that can be expressed in numbers/figures is called quantitative data. In
this the exact measures are possible.
 Qualitative (descriptive, categorical):
 when the data are arranged in categories on the basis of their quality and there is
gap between two values, is called qualitative data.
 Qualitative data cannot be expressed in numerical forms.
 DATA PRESENTATION

Principals of data presentation:

 To arrange data in such a way that it should create interest

in the reader’s mind at the first sight.
 To present the information in compact and concise form
without losing important details.
 To present the data in simple form so as to draw
conclusions directly by viewing at the data.
 PRESENTATION OF DATA:

 Presentation of data can be done in

 Tabulation :
 Simple table
 Complex table

 Graphic presentation :
 Histogram
 Frequency polygon
 Frequency curve
 Diagrammatic presentation:

 Bar charts

 Pie charts

 Pictograms

 Map diagrams
TABULATION:

 Tables are the devices that are used to present data in a simple form.
 General principals of designing tables:
 The table should be numbered e.g. table 1 , table 2 etc.
 A title must be given to each table which should be brief and self explanatory.
 The heading of columns and rows should be clear and concise.
 The data must be presented according to size or alphabetically or geographically.
 No table should be too large.
Types of table:

 Simple table:
 Measurements of single set are presented.
 It contains data regarding one characteristics only.
 Marks and number of students provides of a simple tabulation.

 Complex tables:
 Measurements of multiple sets are presented.
 Or tables with two or more than criteria of classification.
 For example, height and weight
Frequency distribution table:

 A large mass of data possessing different characteristics is grouped into different classes

 In this , data is first spilt up into convenient groups(class interval) and the number of items
(frequency) which occur in each group is shown in adjacent columns.

 The arrangement of these classes into tabular form makes frequency distribution.
 Rules for construction of frequency table

 The class interval should not be too large or too small.

 Minimum number of classes to be formed are 5 ad maximum 20.

 The class interval should be equal and uniform throughout the classification.

 After construction of table ,proper and clear heading should be given to it.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Graphs:

 Graphs present the data in simple, clear and effective manner.

 They provide an over all picture of a statistical series.

 They are also used to make predications and forecasts.

 They cost considerable expenditure and time.

1. Histogram:

 Used for quantitative, continuous variables.

 It is used to present variables having no gaps e.g. weight , height , blood pressure etc.

 It consists of a set of adjacent rectangles . The class boundaries are marked along
horizontal axis and frequency along vertical axis.

 The area of each rectangle represents the respective class frequencies.

Class limits 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109

frequency 1 3 4 5 4 2 1
 2. Frequency polygon:

 A frequency polygon is a graphic form of a frequency distribution.

 It is linear representation of a frequency table and histogram, obtained by joining the mid
points of histogram blocks.
 3. Frequency curve:
 A frequency curve is a smooth free hand curve drawn through the vertices of a frequency
polygon.

 For constructing a smoothed frequency curve , it is necessary to construct a frequency

polygon first of all.
4. Cumulative frequency curve:

 More than ogive:

 When the frequencies are cumulated from the highest value to the lowest value, it is called
‘a more than’ type.

 Less than ogive:

 If the cumulating process is from the lowest value to the highest , it is referred as ‘a less
than 'type.
More than ogive:

Class boundaries frequency

39.5-49.5 1
49.5-59.5 3
59.5-69.5 4
69.5-79.5 5
79.5-89.5 4
89.5-99.5 2
99.5-109.5 1
Less than ogive:

Bonus(rupees) Cumulative frequency

Less than 49.5 1
Less than 59.5 4
Less than 69.5 8
Less than 79.5 13
Less than 89.5 17
Less than 99.5 19
Less than 109.5 20
DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATIONS
bar charts:

 The data presented is categorical

 Data presented is in the form of rectangular bars of equal breadth
 Each bar represents one variant/attribute
 Suitable scale should be indicated and the scale should start from zero
 The width of the bar and the gaps between the bars should be equal throughout
 The length of the bar is proportional to the magnitude/frequency of the table
 The bars may be vertical or horizontal
Component Bar Charts:
Pie Charts:

 Most common way of presenting data

 The value of each category is divided by the total values and then multiplied by 360 and
then each category is allocated the respective angle to present the proportion it has
 It is often necessary to indicate percentages in the segment as it may not be very easy
virtually, to compare the areas of segments
Pie Chart
Pictogram:

 Popular method of presenting data to those who can not understand orthodox charts
 Small pictures or symbols are used to present the data e.g. picture of a doctor to represent
population physician.
 Fraction of the picture can be used to represent numbers smaller than the value of whole
symbol
Pictogram:
Statistical Maps:

 When statistical data refers to geographic or administrative areas, it is presented either as

statistical map or dot map
 The shaded maps are used to present data of varying size. The areas are shaded with
different colours or different intensities of the same colour which is indicted in the key
Statistical Map:
 Telling stories
Narrative approaches in qualitative Research
Narrative writing as a data collection
Method
 A number of data collection methods can be used,
as the researcher and the research subjects work
together in this collaborative dialogic relationship.
 Data can be in the form of field notes; journal
records; interview transcripts; one’s own and
other’s observations; storytelling; letter writing
autobiographical writing; documents such as
school and class plans.
Narrative Writing

 Narrative writing is the impulse to story, life events

into order and meaning.
 It is represented as a framework for understanding
the subject and interview data.
 Examples of narrative approaches are offered,
narrative analysis are contrasted with other kinds
of qualitative analysis and truth in narratives is
considered.
IN SEARCH OF STORIES

 A prevailing conceptualization of narrative is that it

is one of the modes of transforming knowing into
telling.
 It is a paradigmatic mode in which experience is
shared and that experience is itself storied or it
has a narrative pattern.
 Humans beings are ‘immersed in narrative’ telling
themselves stories. (showing relationship between
items)
Elements Of Narrative

 A narrative is composed of an abstract or what the

story is about.
 An orientation: The who, when, where and what
of the story?
 Some complicating action or then what
happened?
 An evaluation: so what?
 A resolution or so what finally happened?
Elements (Contd.)

 A coda or a signal that the story is over and a

return to the present.
 In telling events are selected and then given
cohesion, meaning and direction: they are made
to flow and are given a sense of linearity and even
inevitability.
 
Difference between a narrative and story

 
Focuses on the ways in which people make and use stories to interpret the world
 
Do not treat narratives as stories that transmit a set of facts about the world, and is
not primarily interested in whether stories are true or not (so is closer to social
constructionism than positivist approach).
 
 View narratives as social products that are produced by people in the context of
specific social, historical and cultural locations.
 
 View narratives as interpretive devices through which people represent
themselves and their worlds to themselves and to others. 
Research Methods and Narrative Analysis

 Research that focuses on the role of narrative:

  Usually adopts a qualitative approach, using semi-
structured interviews rather than questionnaires.
 Usually the researcher says very little, acting
primarily as an attentive listener.
 In positivist / scientific research, the researcher is concerned with gaining knowledge in a
world which is objective using scientific methods of enquiry. Methods associated with this
paradigm include experiments and surveys where quantitative data is the norm.
 social constructivism maintains that human development is socially situated and
knowledge is constructed through interaction with others
THANK YOU