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Chapter 5 - Signal Encoding and Modulation Techniques
Chapter 5 - Signal Encoding and Modulation Techniques
Modulation Techniques
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Encoding and Modulation Techniques
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Digital Signaling Versus Analog Signaling
Digital signaling
Digital or analog data is encoded into a digital signal
Encoding may be chosen to conserve bandwidth or to
minimize error
Analog Signaling
Digital or analog data modulates analog carrier signal
The frequency of the carrier fc is chosen to be compatible
with the transmission medium used
Modulation: the amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier
signal is varied in accordance with the modulating data
signal
by using different carrier frequencies, multiple data signals
(users) can share the same transmission medium
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Digital Signaling
Digital signal
discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
each pulse is a signal element
binary data encoded into signal elements
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Periodic signals
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Interpreting Signals
Need to know
timing of bits: when they start and end
signal levels: high or low
factors affecting signal interpretation
Data rate: increase data rate increases Bit Error Rate (BER)
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR): increase SNR decrease BER
Bandwidth: increase bandwidth increase data rate
encoding scheme: mapping from data bits to signal elements
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Comparison of Encoding Schemes
signal spectrum
Lack of high frequencies reduces required bandwidth,
lack of dc component allows ac coupling via transformer,
providing isolation,
should concentrate power in the middle of the bandwidth
Clocking
synchronizing transmitter and receiver with a sync
mechanism based on suitable encoding
error detection
useful if can be built in to signal encoding
signal interference and noise immunity
cost and complexity: increases when increases data rate
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Encoding Schemes
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Encoding Schemes
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NonReturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
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NonReturn to Zero INVERTED (NRZI)
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Advantages and disadvantages of
NRZ-L, NRZI
Advantages
easy to engineer
good use of
bandwidth
Disadvantages
dc component
lack of synchronization
capability
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Multilevel Binary
Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)
Use more than two levels (three levels,
positive, negative and no line signal)
Bipolar-AMI
zero represented by no line signal
one represented by positive or negative pulse
one pulses alternate in polarity
no loss of sync if a long string of ones
long runs of zeros still a problem
no net dc component
lower bandwidth
easy error detection
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Multilevel Binary
Pseudoternary
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Multilevel Binary Issues
Advantages:
No loss of synchronization if a long string of 1’s occurs, each
introduce a transition, and the receiver can resynchronize on
that transition
No net dc component, as the 1 signal alternate in voltage
from negative to positive
Less bandwidth than NRZ
Pulse alternating provides a simple mean for error detection
Disadvantages
receiver distinguishes between three levels: +A, -A, 0
a 3 level system could represent log23 = 1.58 bits
requires approx. 3dB more signal power for same probability
of bit error
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Theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) For
Various Encoding Schemes
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Manchester Encoding
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Differential Manchester Encoding
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Advantages and disadvantages of
Manchester Encoding
Disadvantages
at least one transition per bit time and possibly two
maximum modulation rate is twice NRZ
R
D
L
D : Modulation rate, [baud ]
R : Data Rate, [bps]
L : number of bits per signal elements
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Scrambling
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B8ZS and HDB3
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Bipolar with 8-Zero Substitution (B8ZS)
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High Density Bipolar-3 zeros (HDB3)
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Digital Data, Analog Signal
Main use is public telephone system
has freq range of 300Hz to 3400Hz
use modem (modulator-demodulator)
The digital data modulates the amplitude A,
frequency fc , or phase θ of a carrier signal
A cos(2f c t )
Modulation techniques
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
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Modulation Techniques
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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
In ASK, the two binary values are represented by to
different amplitudes of the carrier frequency
The resulting modulated signal for one bit time is
A cos(2f c t ), binary 1
s (t )
0, binary 0
f1 f2 f3 f4
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Multiple FSK (MFSK)
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Multiple FSK (MFSK)
MFSK signal:
si (t ) A cos(2f i t ), 1 i M
where
f i f c (2i 1 M ) f d
M number of different signal elements 2 L
L number of bits per signal element
Period of signal element
Ts LTb , Ts : signal element period Tb : bit period
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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
π π 0 0 π 0 π π π 0 π
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Differential PSK (DPSK)
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Four-level PSK: Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
More efficient use of bandwidth if each signal element
represents more than one bit
eg. shifts of /2 (90o)
each signal element represents two bits
split input data stream in two & modulate onto the phase of the carrier
A cos(2f ct 4 ) 11
3
A cos(2f ct ) 01
4
s (t )
3
A cos(2f ct ) 00
4
A cos(2f t ) 10
c
4
can use 8 phase angles & more than one amplitude
9600bps modem uses 12 phase angles, four of which have two
amplitudes: this gives a total of 16 different signal elements
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QPSK and Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
Modulators
1 1
QPSK : s (t ) I (t ) cos(2f c t ) Q (t ) sin(2f c t )
2 2
1 1
OQPSK : s (t ) I (t ) cos(2f c t ) Q (t Tb ) sin(2f c t )
2 2
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Example of QPSK and OQPSK Waveforms
for QPSK :
1 11 1
4
3
0 1 1 1
4
3
0 0 1 1
4
1 0 1 1
4
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Performance of ASK, FSK, MFSK, PSK and
MPSK
Bandwidth Efficiency
data rate R 1
ASK/PSK: , 0 r 1
transmission bandwidth BT 1 r
R log 2 M
MPSK: , M : number of different signal elements
BT 1 r
R log 2 M
MFSK:
BT (1 r ) M
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
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QAM modulator
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QAM Variants
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