Communication Systems

(0702454)
First Semester 2019/2020

Dr. Ali Jamoos

Email: ali@eng.alquds.edu
ali.jamoos@ieee.org

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 Historical Background

1844 – The Telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse

1864 – James Clerk Maxwell formulated the electromagnetic theory
1875 – The Telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell
1887 – Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of radio waves
1901 – Marconi received a radio signal, 1700 miles across the Atlantic
1904 – John Ambrose Fleming invented the vacuum-tube diode
1906 – John Ambrose Fleming invented the vacuum-tube triode
1918 – Edwin Armstrong invented the superheterodyne radio receiver
1928 – The Television system was demonstrated by Philo Farnsworth
1933 – Edwin Armstrong demonstrated the Frequency Modulation (FM)
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 Historical Background

1946 – The first computer, ENIAC, was built at Pennsylvania university

1948 – The transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories
1958 – The first Integrated Circuit (IC) was produced by Robert Noyce
1962 – The Telstar satellite, built by Bell Laboratories, was lunched
1971 – The first computer network, called the ARPANET, was built
1985 – The ARPANET was renamed the Internet
1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was lunched in US
1991 - Global System for Mobile (GSM) was lunched in Europe

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 A communication Model

• Source - generates data to be transmitted, examples are telephones and computers

• Transmitter - converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System - carries data from source to destination
• Receiver - converts received signal into data
• Destination - takes incoming data
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 Communications Tasks

Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing Routing
Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management

Flow control

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 Data Communication Model

1. user keys in message m comprising bits g buffered in source PC memory

2. input data is transferred to I/O device (transmitter) as sequence of bits g(t) using voltage
shifts
3. transmitter converts these into a signal s(t) suitable for transmission media being used
4. whilst transiting media signal may be impaired so received signal r(t) may differ from s(t)
5. receiver decodes signal recovering g’(t) as estimate of original g(t)
6. which is buffered in destination PC memory as bits g’ being the received message m’
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 Elements of digital communication systems
Source of Source Channel
Modulator
Information encoder encoder

Noise and interference

Channel
(Unwanted signals)

User of Source Channel

Demodulator
information decoder decoder

1. The information source generate a message signal

2. The source encoder removes redundant information from the message signal and produce a
source code word
3. The channel encoder add some bits for the purpose of error detection and correction and
produce the channel code word
4. The modulator represent each symbol of the channel code word by a corresponding analog
symbols (resulting in signal waveform) suitable for the transmission through the channel
5. Noise and interfering signals corrupt the transmitted signal in the channel
6. Channel types: guided media (twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic), unguided (wireless)
7. At the receiver, the received signal is processed in reverse order to that in the transmitter so
as to recover the message signal
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 Cellular telephone system
 The cellular mobile telephone system consists of:
Mobile Stations (MS), Base Stations (BS) and Mobile Switching Center
(MSC), connected to the Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN)

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 Satellite Communication system
The information-bearing signal is transmitted from the earth terminal to the
satellite via the uplink, amplified by the transponder (electronic circuitry
on board of the satellite), and then retransmitted from the satellite via the
downlink to the other earth terminal

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Computer Networks and the Internet

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OSI Network Model

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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 Electromagnetic wavelength, frequency and
photon energy
 The electromagnetic wave at a particular wavelength λ has
an associated frequency f and photon energy E :

c
 
f
hc
E  hf 

where

c  3  108 m / s is the light speed

h  6.626 1034 J .s  4.13567 eV / GHz Planck’s constant

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Operating frequency of various guided and unguided
transmission techniques

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Atmospheric Transparency for Electromagnetic
waves

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Band Frequency Propagation Typical use

range characteristics
ELF (extremely low frequency) 30 to 300 Hz Ground Wave (GW) propagation Power line frequencies

VF (voice frequency) 300 to 3000 Hz GW propagation Used by the telephone

system for analog
subscriber lines
VLF (very low frequency) 3 to 30 kHz GW propagation Long-range navigation;
submarine communication

LF (low frequency) 30 to 300 kHz GW propagation Long-range navigation;

marine communication
MF (medium frequency) 300 to 3000 kHz Sky-Wave (SW) ionospheric AM broadcasting
propagation

HF (high frequency) 3 to 30 MHz SW ionospheric propagation international broadcasting,

military communication; long-
distance aircraft and ship
communication

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Band Frequency Propagation Typical use

range characteristics
VHF (very high frequency) 30 to 300 MHz SW ionospheric and tropospheric VHF television; FM broadcast
propagation; AM aircraft communication;
Line-Of-Sight (LOS) Propagation Aircraft navigational aids

UHF (ultra high frequency)
SHF (super high frequency)
300 to 3000 MHz LOS Propagation UHF television;
cellular telephone; radar;
microwave links; personal
communications systems
3 to 30 GHz LOS Propagation Satellite communication;
radar; terrestrial microwave
links; wireless local loop

EHF (extremely high frequency) 30 to 300 GHz LOS Propagation Experimental; wireless local
loop

Infrared 300 GHz to 400 THz LOS Propagation Infrared LANs; consumer
electronic applications

Visible light 400 THz to 900 THz LOS Propagation Optical communication

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