ROUND 1

An oil field has been discovered in offshore Greenland. It has been appraised
and the probabalistic representation of the reserves are:
P90: 500MMstb
P50: 700MMstb
P10: 900MMstb.
The field is 100km from the coast of Greenland, there is no contract in place to
build production facilities on Greenland with associated export facilities from
the planned production facility offshore. Could the company quote the proved
reserves as 500MM stb? WHY?

NO
WHAT IS TYPICAL OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR FOR BLACK OIL

Less than 2 BBl/STB

WHICH MODEL IS MAINLY USED FOR TERTIARY RECOVERY
APPLICATIONS: BLACK OIL OR COMPOSITIONAL MODEL
WHY?

COMPOSITIONAL MODEL
 THE X FIELD HAS A LICENCE AREA INTENDED TO BE EXPLORED. IT IS
ANTICIPATED TO CONTAIN A STO IIP OF 2000 MM STB, AND RECOVERY
FACTOR OF 65% USING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RECOVERY
METHODS. WHAT ARE THE RESERVES?

ZERO
WHAT IS THE MAIN REASON FOR SUCH KIND
OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AFTER
PRODUCTION

RESERVOIR HETEROGENEITY
AND LAYERING
WHAT IS LEAN GAS CONDENSATE AND RICH GAS CONDENSATE

THE LATTER HAS MUCH LONGER CARBON CHAINS THAN

THE FORMER
THE GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR CAN CHOKE ON ITS MOST VALUABLE
COMPONENTS. CONDENSATE LIQUID SATURATION CAN BUILD UP NEAR A
WELL BECAUSE OF DRAWDOWN BELOW THE DEW POINT PRESSURE,
ULTIMATELY RESTRICTING THE FLOW OF GAS.
THIS PHENOMENON, CALLED CONDENSATE BLOCKING OR CONDENSATE
BANKING, RESULTS FROM A COMBINATION OF FACTORS, INCLUDING:

-- FLUID PHASE PROPERTIES

-- FORMATION FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
-- ?
FORMATION AND WELLBORE PRESSURES
…. IS A WIRELINE DEVICE CAPABLE OF PROVIDING SUCH PRESSURE
DATA WITH MINIMAL DEMANS FOR DRILLING RIG TIME

WHAT IS IT?

REPEATED FORMATION TESTER

RESERVOIR PRESSURE DROPPING BELOW THE DEW POINT HAS TWO
MAIN RESULTS, BOTH NEGATIVE:

1) GAS AND CONDENSATE PRODUCTION DECREASE BECAUSE OF

NEAR WELL BLOCKAGE
2) ?

PRODUCED GAS CONTAINS FEWER VALUABLE HEAVY ENDS

BECAUSE OF DROPOUT THROUGHOUT THE RESERVOIR
 HISTORICALLY, CONDENSATE LIQUIDS HAVE BEEN SIGNIFICANTLY MORE
VALUABLE THAN THE GAS AND THIS IS STILL TRUE IN A FEW PLACES FAR FROM A
GAS MARKET OR TRANSPORT SYSTEM.
THE PRICE DIFFERENCIAL MADE GAS CYCLING A COMMON PRACTICE. INJECTING
DRY GAS INTO A FORMATION TO KEEP RESERVOIR PRESSURE ABOVE THE DEW
POINT. HOWEVER, GAS INJECTION DECREASE THE PRODUCED GAS QUALITY.
HOW?

INJECTED GAS SLOWLY DISPLACED VALUABLE HEAVY ENDS THAT ARE

STILL IN SOLUTION IN THE RESERVOIR GAS
WHAT IS THE COMMONLY APPLIED ALTERNATIVE TO GAS CYCLING FOR
THE OPERATION OF RETROGRADE CONDENSATION

HORIZONTAL WELLS
 HOW POSITIVE SKIN CHANGES THE PRESSURE DISRTIBUTION
THROUGH THE RESERVOIR IN HORIZONTAL DIRECTION. DRAW
THE GRAPH.
ROUND 2
DRAW THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION FROM THE WELLBORE THROUGH THE
RESERVOIR IN HORIZONTAL DIRECTION
DRAW THE LIQUID DROPOUT (%) AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE FOR LEAN GAS
CONDENSATE AND RICH GAS CONDENSATE
HOW SOLUTION GAS OIL RATIO IS CHANGING THROUGH THE RESRVOIR
DEPLETION VOLATILE OIL? DRAW THE GRAPH.
HOW PROCUCED GAS OIL RATIO IS CHANGING AS A FUNCTION OF
TIME? DRAW THE GRAPH.
HOW OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR IS CHANGING AS A FUNCTION
OF PRESSURE FOR BLACK OIL? DRAW THE GRAPH.
BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURE DATA ARE VITAL FOR UNDERSTANDING RESERVOIR
PERFORMANCE AND PREDICTING FUTURE BEHVIOR. APPLICATIONS INCLUDE:

-- Volumetric calculations
-- Reservoir dynamic properties
-- Drainage volumes
-- Well tubular and artificial lift
-- Fluid properties
-- Evaluation of reservoir energy
-- ?

Fluid contacts