CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Literature Survey
3. Remote Sensing in Agriculture
4. Structure and Function of the System
5. Conversion to Crop Health
6. System Implementation
7. System Analysis
8. Applications
9. Summary
10. Bibliography
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 1. Introduction
• Remote sensing is the technique of deriving information about objects on the surface
of the earth without physically coming into contact with them.
• Precision agriculture is also known as precision farming is a farm management
concept calibrated based on controlled field observations, measuring and managing
variations.

Fig 1: The Remote Sensing Process for Precision farming [7] 2

 2. Literature Survey
Year Authors Title Description
Rekha B. U,
Veena V. Remote Sensing This paper provides an exhaustive overview of recent researches that have
Desai, Technology and been taken place in the field of Precision Agriculture due to the Remote
2018 Pratigya S. Applications in Sensing Technology. It provides an extensive Literature Survey on
Ajawan, Agriculture Development and Gathering of the necessary data depending on the various
Sunil Kumar factors of the fields.
Jha
Meng Jihua, Design,
Li Development and In this paper, the main focus is to understand the structure and development
Zhongyuan, Application of A of the system. This paper provides an extensive survey on remote sensing
2014
Wu Satellite-Based images from different sensors can be pre-processed with format conversion,
Bingfang, Xu Monitoring System radiation calibration, atmospheric correction, and geometric correction.
Jin to Precision Farming
Remote Sensing This paper provides an extensive survey on Remote Sensing Technology
Satellite System which helps us to understand the technique of deriving information about
Overall objects on the surface of the earth without physically coming into contact
2014 A.M. Elhady
Effectiveness with them. This paper also highlights the evaluation of remote sensing
Analysis and satellite systems and their effectiveness.
Modeling

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 2. Literature Survey(…)
Year Authors Title Description
Soizik
Laguette, This paper provides examples of economic and environmental benefits,
Augu Remote Sensing
George critical in adoption by large number of end users. Value is derived only if
st application for
Seielstad, the information enables a decision that results in higher profitability and
2018 precision agriculture
Santosh K. more responsible stewardship.
Seelan

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 3. Remote Sensing in Agriculture
• The traditional methods to acquire weather and crop growth status although are
reliable, they require manual scouting, intensive labor and time-consuming.

• Advances in remote sensing technology is now allowing for the more widespread
of old practicing methods.

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Fig 2: The remote sensing process[5].
 3. Remote Sensing in Agriculture(…)
a. Spatial and Temporal Resolution: Spatial resolution is referred to as Ground
Sampling Distance (GSD) or pixel size of the remotely sensed imagery.

Fig 3: The tradeoff between spatial resolution and temporal resolution[1].

b. The Electromagnetic Spectrum: The wavelengths used in most agricultural

remote sensing applications cover only a small region of electromagnetic
spectrum.
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 3. Remote Sensing in Agriculture(…)
c. Identification of crop nutrition and Spectral Resolution: Commonly there are two
reasons for crop nutrition (N, P, K) deficiency, soil nutrition deficiency which
decrease the availability of nutrition, and the nutrition absorbing capacity.

Fig 4: The different characteristics of rice leaves under NPK deficiencies[6].

d. Optimizing crop seeding date/order with remote sensing: Seeding date is an

important factor influencing the development and productivity of field crops.
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 3. Remote Sensing in Agriculture(…)
e. Predicting crop mature date and optimizing harvest with remote sensing:
Chlorophyll is an essential part of the process of photosynthesis. By
combining more than one bands of the recorded remote sensing data, we can
create vegetation indices and use them to estimate crop status.

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Fig 5: Crop mature data[2].
 4. Structure and Function of the System

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Fig 6: Structure of the designed Satellite-based field management servicing system[2].
 4. Structure and Function of the System(…)
a. Multi-Source remote sensing data pre-processing system: Remote sensing
images are the major data source of the system, to meet the needs of
implementing field monitoring at different scales and resolutions.

b. Remote Sensing-based field monitoring system: In the second sub-system,

images from different sensors are fused to generate image with both high
spatial and temporal resolution to implement field scale dynamic
monitoring.

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 4. Structure and Function of the System(…)
c. Field management expert system: In the third sub-system, a field management
expert system was developed based on field information, expert knowledge, and
GIS.

d. Agricultural machinery managing system: In the fourth sub-system, the

agricultural machinery management was optimized by integrating spatial-
temporal model of agricultural machinery scheduling and technologies as GIS,
GPRS and GPS.

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 5. Conversion to Crop Health
• The wavelength and intensity of spectral band provide information needed to
calculate Vegetation Indices (VIs).

• VIs obtained from remote sensing-based canopies are an effective and simple
algorithm for quantitative and qualitative evaluations of relative density, crop
health, vegetation cover, growth dynamics, stress levels.

• Rouse et al. investigated that the ratio of NIR and Red bands is suitable to
evaluate crop characteristics by defining “Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index (NDVI)”.

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 5. Conversion to Crop Health(…)
• NDVI is sensitive to both chlorophyll activity and biomass. The value ranges between
-1 and +1.

• The positive difference indicates that the crop is healthy and a negative difference
indicates stressed or dead crop or a barren land.

• NDVI is mathematically given by,

(NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red) = NDVI

• Enhanced Vegetative Index (EVI) improves assessment of variability in high biomass

regions making it more responsive to canopy structure.

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 5. Conversion to Crop Health(…)
• 
where ‘L’ is a canopy background adjustment factor. Its value of 0.5 ideally
minimizes variations influenced by soil brightness and eliminate the need for
additional calibration for different soils.

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5. Conversion to Crop Health(…)

Fig 7: Images of NDVI data [1].

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6. System Implementation

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Fig 8: System architecture framework[2]
 7. System Analysis
• These functions are data preprocessing, crop identification, crop condition
monitoring, crop yield prediction, nutrition stress monitoring, optimal seeding and
harvesting date prediction, and data management.

• The result will be stored in the database, and can be presented and output in the
way of user’s requirement.

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7. System Analysis(…)

Fig 9: System monitoring result[2]. 18

 8. Applications
• Global collection capacity, Accurate, rapid and repetitive availability of data.

• Monitoring environment.

• Forecasting weather.

• Tracking urban growth.

• Geology of Earth’s surface.

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 9. Summary

• Satellite based field analyzing system provides an important application of

Satellite in the agriculture sector which has been implemented to improvise the
technology and achieve better results in terms of field parameters.

• Technological advancements in remote sensing backed by advances in sensor

networks, cloud computing, IT, IoT, machine learning and digital technologies
have made it possible to create smarter solutions for smallholder farmers globally.

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 10. Bibliography
1. Rekha B. U, Veena V. Desai, Pratigya S. Ajawan , Sunil Kumar Jha “Remote
Sensing Technology and Applications in Agriculture” International Conference on
Computational Techniques, Electronics and Mechanical Systems, Belagavi, India
2018.

2. Meng Jihua, Li Zhongyuan, Wu Bingfang, Xu Jin, “Design development and

application of a Satellite-based field Monitoring system to support Precision
Farming”, The third International conference on Agri-Geoinformatics, Beijing, China
2014.

3. A.M. Elhady “Remote Sensing Satellite System Overall Effectiveness Analysis and
Modeling”, IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, 2014. 21
 10. Bibliography (…)
4. Soizik Laguette, George Seielstad, Santosh K. Seelan, Grant M. Casady
“Remote Sensing applications for precision agriculture”, November 2003. URL:
“https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248481010_Remote_sensing_applica
tions_for_precision_agriculture_A_learning_community_approach”

5. Remote Sensing: URL

https://www.urthecast.com/tech-insights/understanding-and-evaluating-satellite-
remote-sensing-technology-in-agriculture/

6. Diagnosis of Rice Nutrition: URL

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268875719_Identification_of_Nitroge
n_Phosphorus_and_Potassium_Deficiencies_in_Rice_Based_on_Static_Scannin
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 10. Bibliography (…)
7. Agricultural Remote Sensing Basics image of rst– Geospatial Technology_files.
URL: “https://mapasyst.extension.org/agricultural-remote-sensing-basics/”

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THANK YOU

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