Resistors in series

• Resistors are in series when they are

connected head-to-tail and there are no other
wires branching off from the nodes between
components.

• Resistors in series share the same current.

 Resistors in series

•Total
  Series Resistance
The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to
the sum of the resistances of each individual
series resistor.
 Resistors in series

•Total
  Series Resistance

For equal resistors,

=R

So, n x R = nR
 Ohm’s Law in Series Circuits

Example
Find the current shown in the figure.
 Ohm’s Law in Series Circuits

•Example
 
Find the current shown in the figure.

= 129
I = = 194 mA
 Resistors In Parallel
• A parallel circuit consists of two or more resistors
individually connected across the same two
points.

• Such a circuit provides more than one current

path for the current flowing out from the voltage
source.

• Each current path is called a branch.

 Resistors In Parallel
A parallel circuit provides more than one path
for current going from A to B, and the voltage
across each branch is the same.
IT

I1 I2 I3 I4
 Total Parallel Resistance
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 +…..+ In

IT

I1 I2 I3 In
 Total Parallel Resistance
•By  Ohm’s Law,

= + + + …… +

Total resistance in parallel,

= + + + …… +
 Parallel Resistance
Example
Determine the total resistance between points A
and B in Figure.
A

B
 Parallel Resistance
•Solution
 
= + +

= + + = 0.0767
 Special Case of Two Resistors in
Parallel
•   = +

=
 Special Case of Two Resistors in
Parallel
• The total resistance for two resistors in parallel is equal
to the product of the two resistors divided by the sum of
the two resistors.

• With resistors connected in parallel, the total resistance

of the circuit decreases.

• The total resistance of the parallel circuit is always less

than the smallest resistance in the circuit.
 Ohm’s Law in Parallel Circuits
Example: Determine the currents shown in the
figure.
 Ohm’s Law in Parallel Circuits
•Solution
 

20mA
mA
mA
 Ohm’s Law in Parallel Circuits
•Find
  the source voltage . In the figure.
10mA
 Ohm’s Law in Parallel Circuits
•Solution
 

= + + = 0.00733
 Series-Parallel Relationships
• A series-parallel circuit consists of a
combination of both series and parallel
current paths.

• It is important to identify how the

components in a circuit are arranged in terms
of their series and parallel relationships.
 Series-Parallel Relationships
• Figure 1 (a) shown an example of a series-
parallel combination of resistors.

• The resistance from point A to point B is R1.

• The resistance from point B to point C is R2

and R3 in parallel.
Series-Parallel Relationships
 Series-Parallel Relationships
• The total resistance from point A to point C is
R1 in series with the parallel combination of R2
and R3 as shown in Figure 1 (b).
 Series-Parallel Relationships
• When the circuit of Figure 1(b) is connected to
a voltage source as shown in Figure 1(c), the
total current is through and divides at point B
into two parallel paths.
 Series-Parallel Relationships
• When another resistor R4 is connected in
series with R1, as shown in Figure 2(a).
Series-Parallel Relationships
 Series-Parallel Relationships
• The circuit can get more complex when R5 is
new connected in series with R2, as shown in
Figure 3.
 Series-Parallel Relationships
• Relationship for the components in the circuit
of Figure 3 is:

(R1 + R4) in series with {(R2 + R5) // R3}

 Series-Parallel Relationships
Example (4)
Find the total resistance across terminals A and
B for the circuit in Figure 8.
 Series-Parallel Relationships
•Solution
 

• RT = R1 + (R2 // R3)

• RT = 10 + = 60Ω
 Series-Parallel Relationships
Example (5)
Find the total resistance as seen across the
terminals of the 30V battery in Figure 9(a).
 Series-Parallel Relationships
•Solution
 

• R23 = R2+ R3 = 47 + 47 = 94 Ω
 
• R45 = R4//R5 = = = 24.79 Ω
 
• R456 = R6 + R45 = 75 + 24.79 = 99.79 Ω
Series-Parallel Relationships
 Series-Parallel Relationships
• R
  AB =
 
• RAB = = 48.4 Ω

• RT = R1 + RAB
= 100 Ω + 48.4 Ω
= 148.4 Ω
 Series-Parallel Relationships
•To  find total current:

• IT = = = 202 A
 Series-Parallel Relationships
Example (6)
Determine the current across I4 in figure 10 if
the source voltage is 50 V.
 Series-Parallel Relationships
•Solution
 
R234 = R2 +

= 330 +

= 537.64 Ω
 Series-Parallel Relationships
•I2 =  = = 93 mA

I4 = 93 mA = 34.48 mA
 Summary
• A series-parallel circuit is a combination of
both series and parallel current paths.

• To determine total resistance in a series-

parallel circuit, identify the series and parallel
relationships, and then apply the formulae for
series resistance and parallel resistance.
 Summary
• To find the total current, apply Ohm's Law and
divide the total voltage by the total resistance.

• To determine branch currents, apply the

Current Divider Rule, Kirchhoff's Current Law,
or Ohm's Law.

• Consider each circuit problem individually to

determine the most appropriate method.
 Summary
• To determine voltage drops across any portion
of a series-parallel circuit, use the Voltage
Divider Rule, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, or Ohm's
Law.

• Consider each circuit problem individually to

determine the most appropriate method.