LTE RF Principles

LTE RF Network Design and dimensioning

LTE Key Technology — OFDMA & SC-FDMA
 OFDM & OFDMA  DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA
 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
 DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform
is a modulation multiplexing technology, divides the Spread OFDM) is the modulation multiplexing
system bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is technology used in the LTE uplink, which is
inserted between the OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI. similar with OFDM but can release the UE PA
limitation caused by high PAPR. Each user is
 OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with
assigned part of the system bandwidth.
OFDM, is used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the
combination of TDMA and FDMA essentially.
 SC-FDMA （ Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Accessing ） is the multi-access
 Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to
technology related with DFT-S-OFDM.
orthogonal subcarriers need no protect bandwidth.
Support frequency link auto adaptation and
 Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency
scheduling. Easy to combine with MIMO. due to orthogonal user bandwidth need no
protect bandwidth. Low PAPR.
 Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency
domain synchronization. High PAPR.
 The subcarrier assignment scheme includes
Localized mode and Distributed mode.
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers System Bandwidth Sub-carriers

TTI: 1ms

Frequency
TTI: 1ms
Frequency

User 1
User 2
User 1 User 3
Time
User 2 Sub-band：12Sub-carriers
Time User 3
Sub-band：12Sub-carriers
 MIMO
 Downlink MIMO  Uplink MIMO
 MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve spatial  Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to
multiplexing, including single user mode SU-MIMO implement the UL multi transmission and relative power
and multi user mode MU-MIMO. supply. Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single antenna UEs
 In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is are associated to transmit in the MIMO mode. Virtual-
used in both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to MIMO is still under study.
control/reduce the interference among spatial  Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users.
multiplexing data flows. Each user transmits data by single antenna. System
 The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to separates the data by the specific MIMO demodulation
one single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the scheme.
transmission rate and spectrum efficiency. In MU-  MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the
MIMO, the data flows are scheduled to multi users same time-freq resource) can be achieved by Virtual-
and the resources are shared within users. Multi user MIMO. Interference of the multi user data can be
gain can be achieved by user scheduling in the spatial controlled by the scheduler, which also bring multi user
domain. gain.
Pre-coding vectors User1
User1
User 1 data
User 1 data
S1
User 1 data MIMO
User 2 data
User k data Decoder User2
Scheduler Pre-coder User2
User k data S2

User k
User k Scheduler
Channel Information Channel Information

MU-MIMO Virtual-MIMO
 Cell Interference Control
 ICIC （ Inter-Cell Interference Coordination ）
 ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some
coordination schemes, like SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) and FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) can control the
interference in cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.

 SFR Solution
 SFR is one effective solution of inter-cell interference control. The system bandwidth is separated into primary
band and secondary band with different transmit power.

The primary band is assigned to the

users in cell edge. The eNB transmit Secondary Secondary
Band Band
power of the primary band can be
Secondary Band high. Power Cell 2,4,6

Power Cell 1 Frequency

Cell 2,4,6 Primary Band
2
Frequency
Cell 1 Primary Band 7 3 Secondary
Band
Total System 1
BW
6 4 Power
Cell 3,5,7
The total system bandwidth can be
assigned to the users in cell center. The
eNB transmit power of the secondary band 5 Frequency
should be reduced in order to avoid the
interference to the primary band of neighbor Cell 3,5,7P Primary Band
cells.
Carrier Aggregation Massive MIMO
Cloud RAN Multi-point Coordination
VOICE over LTE
SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse)1*3*1
SFR 1*3*1 with ICIC
• DL ICIC ： cell center use 2/3 band ， cell
edge use 1/3 band ； so, in cell edge,
frequency reuse 3, different cell edge use
different frequency. Tx power in cell center
lower than cell edge Tx power to control
interference. DL SFR 1*3*1 Note: S111 BTS
• UL ICIC ： cell center use 2/3 band ， cell edge use
1/3 band, so, in cell edge, frequency reuse 3, different
cell edge use different frequency. Cell users in same
BTS transmit in the odd / even frame scheduling ,
respectively
SFR 1*3*1 networking merit

• Lower down interference with ICIC

• High Frequency efficiency UL SFR 1*3*1 Note: S111 BTS

Huawei
Huaweisuggest
suggestSFR
SFR1×3×1
1×3×1networking
networking

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LTE Principles
LTE Network Design and dimensioning
----- Coverage
----- Capacity

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Link Budget Procedure
Input Data Start

Calculate UL/DL MAPL

Calculate UL cell radius Calculate DL cell radius

Balance cell radius

Calculate site coverage area

Calculate site number

End

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Link Budget Model: Uplink
Uplink Budget
Other Gain Slow fading margin
Gain

UE Antenna Gain Margin

Interference margin
Loss

UE Transmit Power Body Loss

Penetration Loss

Antenna Gain

Pa Path Loss
th
Lo
ss

Cable Loss
eNodeB
Penetration Loss eNodeB
Cable Loss
Antenna Gain

eNodeB receive
sensitivity
eNodeB receive sensitivity UE transmit power

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 Link Budget Model: Downlink
Downlink Budget
Other Gain Slow fading margin
Gain
eNodeB Transmit
Margin
Power
Interference margin
NodeB Antenna Gain
Loss
Cable Loss

Path Loss
Antenna Gain

Pa
th
Lo
ss
Penetration Loss
Cable Loss UE receive sensitivity
Penetration Loss
Body Loss UE Antenna Gain

eNodeB transmit power UE receive sensitivity

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Link Budget Principle
• Link budget is aim to calculate the cell radius.
 Cell radius can be calculated by MAPL with using propagation model
• Two keys factors:
 MAPL MAPL: Maximum Allowed Path Loss
EIRP: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
 Propagation Model MSSR: Minimum Signal Strength Required

MAPL = EIRP - Minimum Signal Strength Required+ ∑Gain

- ∑Loss - ∑Margin
 EIRP = Max Tx Power - Cable Loss - Body Loss + Antenna Gain
 MSSR = Rx Sensitivity - Antenna Gain + Cable Loss + Body Loss +
Interference Margin

Cost231-Hata Model Total  Lu  a( H UE )  Cm

Lu  46.3  33.9  lg( f )  13.82  lg( H BS )  (44.9  6.55  lg( H BS ))  lg( d )
a ( H UE )  (1.1  lg( f )  0.7)  H UE  (1.56  lg( f )  0.8)

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MAPL Calculation Process
 System parameter
 System Frequency Band, Band width, duplex mode
 EIRP
 BS Tx Power, Antenna Gain, Feeder loss
 Minimum Receiver Signal Level
 Receiver sensitivity, Noise Figure, Demodulation Threshold, Antenna gain, feeder
loss, body loss.
 System gain, Margin, Loss
 MIMO Gain, other gain
 Shadow Fading Margin, Interference margin
 Penetration losss

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LTE Principles
LTE Network Design and dimensioning
----- Coverage
----- Capacity

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 Capacity Analysis Concept

Traffic model analysis • Traffic model analysis/requirement analysis:

/ requirement analysis
Specify customer requirements, e.g. Target users
number, user BH active ratio, service bearing rate,
overbooking, cell edge access rate, average data
Single-user Configuration
rate…
throughput analysis
• Single-user throughput * No of BH Users =
Network throughput
• Configuration Analysis: Frequency reused mode,
Single-site
Network Throughput Bandwidth, carrier configurations, MIMO
capacity
configurations etc.
• Single-site Capacity: single site capacity calculated
from system simulation after configuration analysis
Number of sites • Number of sites: Network throughput requirement /
Single site Capacity
Capacity Estimation Realization Process

• Obtain the cell radius in different scenarios according to the link budget.
Cell Radius • According to the radius, search the simulation data table and then obtain the
cell SINR probability distribution. Currently, calculate the SINR distributing
ratio with different cell radiuses in different scenarios according to the Matlable
program provided by the RTT link budget.

Simulation result • Calculate the cell mean throughput.

Formula of calculating the cell mean throughput

N
CellAvgThr oughput   Pi  Throughput i
。 i 1
C/I Probability distribution
• Pi is the probability corresponding to SINR

• Throughputi is the throughput calculated on a basis of SINR. According to different

SINRs, search the table to obtain different modulation schemes and then obtain
the Throughputi in different modulation schemes.
Cell mean throughput ratio
 Key performance baseline
Cell Radius (km) @ UL edge 64~512kbps Avg. Cell Throughput DL/UL (Mbps) @10MHz BW
Scenario
2.6GHz 2.1GHz 1800MHz 700MHz 2.6GHz 2.1GHz 1800MHz 700MHz

Dense Urban 0.21~0.33 0.26~0.4 0.3~0.46 0.66~1.01 16.92 / 9.76 18.39 / 10.61 17.62 / 10.87 17.35 / 12.17

Urban 0.39~0.58 0.47~0.71 0.55~0.82 1.20~1.79 16.92 / 9.76 18.39 / 10.61 17.62 / 10.87 17.35 / 12.17

SubUrban 1.47~2.25 1.8~2.76 2.09~3.2 4.61~7.06 12.97 / 6.92 14.10 / 7.52 16.82 / 8.70 17.27 / 10.67

Rural 3.16~4.83 4.42~5.93 4.78~7.3 9.48~14.51 12.97 / 6.92 14.10 / 7.52 16.82 / 8.70 17.27 / 10.67

Max. Active User

1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10/15/20MHz
(RRC_Connected User) per cell

eRAN 2.0 168 360 600 1200

Exercise

 Calculate No. of eNodeB required for a network for following

assumptions:
 Urban Area of 100 sq km
 Average tower height 30m
 No. of user 1000, Contention ratio 5:1. BH usage10MB/user.
 RF power 20 watt. Spectrum 5MHz band 700/2100.

Find 1. MAPL
2. Cell range
3. Total coverage site and capacity site.
Backup slide

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Key points Digital Communications

 Bit(0/1) – P(Er) - BER(Bit error ratio)

 Radio Signal dBm Power with respect to mW.

 Log(P1/P2) - Log(P/mwatt)

 Gain deci-Bell(dB)
Link Budget

 To understand Maximum allowed pathloss

 To ensure balance between TX/RX(DL/UL) link
 To understand coverage
 Coverage for Different service bearer.
 Schedule and Link Auto-adaptation
 User Multiplexing and Scheduling
 Large system bandwidth (10/15/20MHz) of LTE will
facing the problem of frequency selected fading. The
fading characteristic on subcarriers of one user can be
regarded as same, but different in further subcarriers.
 Select better subcarriers for specific user according to
the fading characteristic. User diversity can be
achieved to increase spectrum efficiency.
 The LTE schedule period is one or more TTI.
 The channel propagation information is feed back to e-
NodeB through the uplink. Channel quality identity is
the overheading of system. The less, the better.
Channel Propagation Fading
 Link Auto-adaptation
 LTE support link auto-adaptation in time-domain
and frequency-domain. Modulation scheme is
selected based on the channel quality in
time/frequency-domain.
 In CDMA system, power control is one important
link auto-adaptation technology, which can avoid
interference by far-near effect. In LTE system, user
multiplexed by OFDM technology. Power control is
used to reduce the uplink interference from adjacent
cell, to compensate path loss. It is one type of slow
link auto-adaptation scheme.
User Multiplexing and Scheduling
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