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Engineering Analysis

Chapter One, Basic Concepts

2020-2021
Department of Mechanical Engineering
UOZ
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Basic Concepts
 
Equation: Equations describe the relations between the
dependent and independent variables. An equal sign "=" is
required in every equation.

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Differential Equations (DEs): Equations that involve dependent
variables and their derivatives with respect to the independent
variables are called differential equations.

Chapter One, Basic Concepts

Example: The following are differential equations involving the
unknown function y.

2
 
Some Other Examples:
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Maxwell Equations
Heat Equation
Wave Equation
Laplace Equation

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Ordinary Differential Equation (ODEs): Differential equations
that involve only one independent variable are called ordinary
differential equations.

Chapter One, Basic Concepts

Dependent variable (Unknown Function)
ODE:
Partial Differential Equation: Differential equations that involve
two or more independent variables are called partial
differential equations.
PDE:

Examples: Equations 1 and 2 are examples of ordinary

differential equations, since the unknown function y depends
solely on the variable 3
x. Equation 3 is a partial differential equation, since y depends
on both the independent variables t and x.
Order: The order of a differential equation is the highest
derivative that appears in the differential equation.

Degree: The degree of a differential equation is the power of

the highest derivative term.

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Linear Equations: A differential equation is called linear if there

Chapter One, Basic Concepts

are no multiplications among dependent variables and their
derivatives. In other words, all coefficients are functions of
independent variables.

Non-linear: Differential equations that do not satisfy the

definition of linear are non-linear.

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ODEs Independen Dependent Order Degree
t Variable Variable
1 2

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1 2

2 1
2 1

Chapter One, Basic Concepts

4 1
4
1 1
1
2 1
1 1
2 1

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Solutions
 
General Solution: Solutions obtained from integrating the
differential equations are called general solutions. The general
solution of a order ordinary differential equation contains

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arbitrary constants resulting from integrating times.

C is an arbitrary constant

Chapter One, Basic Concepts

Particular Solution: Particular solutions are the solutions
obtained by assigning specific values to the arbitrary constants
in the general solutions.

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 Explicit Solution: Any solution that is given in the form
(independent variable).

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Examples: etc.

Chapter One, Basic Concepts

Implicit Solution: Any solution that isn’t in explicit form.

Examples: etc.

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Conditions
 
Initial Condition: Constrains that are specified at the initial point, generally time
point, are called initial conditions. Problems with specified initial conditions are
called initial value problems.

Examples: (0,1)

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Initial Value Problem (IVP)

The general Sol is:

Chapter One, Basic Concepts

C is an arbitrary constant
Apply the IC on the solution to find the value of c (to find the particular solution)

The particular solution is:

IVP:

Boundary Condition: Constrains that are specified at the boundary points,

generally space points, are called boundary conditions. Problems with specified
boundary conditions are called boundary value problems. 8

Examples:
Worksheet 1
Independent
Independent
Equation
Equation Variable Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable Order
Order Degree
Degree
Variable

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Chapter One, Basic Concepts
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Worksheet 2
Check the solution of the corresponding equation?

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Equation Solution to Check

Chapter One, Basic Concepts

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