ERYTHROPOIESIS

Awal Mir Khattak

Demonstrator MLT

B.Sc. MLT Baqai Medical University Karachi

M.Sc. Hematology Baqai Medical University Karachi
M.Phil. Medical Lab Sciences, The University of Haripur
 ERYTHROPOIESIS

ERYTHROPOIESIS
Erythropoiesis is the process of proliferation
differentiation, and maturation of red blood cell under
the action of erythropoietin and other growth factors.
 ERYTHROPOIESIS
• Erythropoiesis begins with the Pluripotent hematopoietic
stem cell.
• Normally the process of proliferation and maturation is
completed within 3-5 days through 4 successive divisions.
• Stem cell differentiation is induced by microenvironmental
influences to produce a committed erythroid progenitor
cell.
 ERYTHROPOIESIS
• With each division, there is decrease in the cell size,
condensation of the nuclear chromatin, loss of nucleoli,
gradual decrease in the basophilia and progressive increase
in pink color of the cell due to hemoglobin synthesis.
• Mature red cell has no nucleus, ribonucleic acid and
mitochondria.
 ERYTHROPOIESIS
• PHSC differentiate into BFU-E progenitor cell.
• The BFU-E progenitor cells proliferate under the influence
of what was originally called “burst-promoting activity”
(Release of cytokine IL-3 or GM-CSF, by local
microenvironmental stromal cells).
• The BFU-E progenitor have low EPO receptor and
insensitive to EPO.
• BFU-E progenitor give burst or multifocal colony (several
100 to several thousand BFU-E per colony)on cell culture in
vitro examination 10 to 14 days.
 ERYTHROPOIESIS
• The BFU-E progenitor cells is CD34 +ve strong positive.
• BFU-E progenitor cells differentiate into CFU-E and have more
EPO receptors comparatively BFU-E.
• CFU-E stem cell loosing CD34 (Positive) expression but begin
to express surface proteins of the erythroid lineage.
• Including glycophorin A, Rh antigens, and in a subset of CFU-E,
the ABH and Ii antigens.
ERYTHROPOIESIS
 ERYTHROPOIESIS
• Some cytokines have a positive effect on erythrocyte
precursor proliferation include stem cell factor (SCF),
thrombopoietin, and IL-11
• Some have negative effect on proliferation such as tumor
necrosis factor a (TNFa), transforming growth factor-β (TGF
β), and interferon-γ(INFγ).
 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
• Morphologically 6 stages of red cell development can be
recognized.
1. Proerythroblast
2. Basophilic erythroblast
3. Polychromatophilic Erythroblast
4. Orthochromatic Erythroblast
5. Reticulocytes
6. Mature RBC
 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
1. Proerythroblast (1%)
Size: Large (20-25 um), Shape: Round, N:C: High (8:1)
Cytoplasm:
Color: Deep blue with pallor area
Amount: Small or scanty
Granules or vacuoles: Absent
Nucleus:
Color: Radish purple
Nucleus location: Central
Chromatin Pattern: Open homogenous
Nucleolus: 1-2 present
 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
2. Basophilic Erythroblast (1-3%)
Size: Large (12-15 um), Shape: Round, N:C: Moderate (6:1)
Cytoplasm:
Color: Deep blue with pallor area
Amount: Moderates
Granules or vacuoles: Absent
Nucleus:
Color: Deep purplish blue
Nucleus location: Central
Chromatin Pattern: Coarse
Nucleolus: may be present
 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
3. Polychromatophilic Erythroblast (13-30%)
Size: Large (12-15 um), Shape: Round, N:C: Low (4:1)
Cytoplasm:
Color: Gray blue with pallor area
Amount: Abundant
Granules or vacuoles: Absent
Nucleus:
Color: Deep purplish blue
Nucleus location: Eccentric or Central
Chromatin Pattern: Condensed
Nucleolus: Not present
 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
4. Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast (1-4%)
Size: Large (10-15 um), Shape: Round, N:C: Low (1:2)
Cytoplasm:
Color: Pinkish blue
Amount: Moderate
Granules or vacuoles: Absent
Nucleus:
Color: Deep purplish blue
Nucleus location: Eccentric, pyknotic round
Chromatin Pattern: Open Coarse
Nucleolus: Not present
 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
5. Reticulocytes (0.8-1.2%)
Size: Larger then mature RBC (7-10 um), Shape: Round,
Color: Polychromatophilic on Romanowsky stains
Blue color on BCB or new methylene blue.
Cytoplasm contain purplish-blue inclusions actually
it is the remaining of RNA.
Cytoplasm of the reticulocytes contain
iron granules (pappenheimer bodies),
nucleus remnants (Howell-jolly bodies), RER,
polyribosomes, mitochondria and fragmented Golgi
apparatus
 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
6. Mature RBs (Male: 4.5-5.5, Female: 3.5-4.5 mill/ul)
Size: 7-8 um
It is in the shape of a pliable biconcave disc, a shape which
is ideally suited to squeeze through the microcirculation in
the body.
Because of its shape and the surface characteristics it is
best suited to carry on its function as a vehicle for the
uptake, transport and delivery of oxygen.
REGULATION OF ERYTHROPOIESIS
17