Advanced Engineering

Mathematics
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Laplace Transform
 
 f (t )dt  lim  e  st f (t )dt
 st
e
0 0

t0

L  f (t )  F ( s )
Laplace Transform
Problem 1:

L 1   e  st (1) dt  lim e  st dt
b

0 0
b 
b
 e  st
 lim
b  s 0

 e  sb  1
 lim
b  s
1
 s0
s
Linear Transform

L  f (t )   g (t )   L  f (t )   L  g (t )
  F ( s)   G ( s)
Laplace Transform
Problem 2: Evaluate L{t}

L  t   e  st (t ) dt
0

 st 
 te 1   st
 lim   e
b  s 0
s 0
1 11
 1   
s ss
1
 2 s0
s
Transformation Laplace
Problem 3: Evaluate L{e-3t}

 
L {e }   e e
 3t  st 3t
dt   e ( s 3)t dt
0 0

 ( s  3) t 
e 1
  s  3
s3 0
s3
Transformation Laplace
Problem 4: Evaluate L{sin2 t}

1  cos 2t  1 1
L {sin 2 t}  L    L 1  L  cos 2t
 2  2 2
11 1 s 2
  
2 s 2 s 2  4 s ( s 2  4)
Transformation Laplace
Problem 2:
1
L 1 
s
L t n  
n!
n  1, 2, 3, 
s n 1
L e at  
1
sa
k
L  sin kt 
s2  k 2
s
L  cos kt  2
s  k2
k
L  sinh kt  2
s  k2
s
L  cosh kt  2
s k2
Inverse Transform
f (t )  L -1 F ( s )

1 
1  L -1  
s
 n! 
t n  L -1  n 1  n  1, 2, 3, 
s 
 1 
e at  L -1  
s  a
 k 
sin kt  L -1  2 2
s  k 
 s 
cos kt  L -1  2 2
s  k 
 k 
sinh kt  L -1  2 2
s  k 
 s 
cosh kt  L -1  2 2
s  k 
Linear Transform

L -1 F ( s)   G ( s)   L -1 F ( s )   L -1 G ( s)

Inverse Transform
Problem 1:
1
Evaluate L 1  5 
s 

1 1  4!  1
n  4  L 1  5   L 1  5   t 4
 s  4!  s  24
Inverse Transform
Problem 2:

 1 
Evaluate L 1  2 
 s  64 

 1  1 1  8  1
k 2  64  L 1  2  L  2   sin 8t
 s  64  8  s  64  8
Inverse Transform
Problem 3:

 3s  5 
Evaluate L 1  2 
s  7

 3s  5  1  s  5 1  7  5
L 1  2   3L  2  L  2   3 cos 7t  sin 7t
s  7 s  7 7  s  7  7
Applications
Deflection of Beams

Axis of symmetry

Deflection of curve

Beam is assumed as a homogeneous, and

has uniform cross sections along its length
Deflection curve can be derived from
differential equation based on elasticity
concept.
Applications
Deflection of Beams

0 L
x
y(x)
y

Elasticity theory: bending moment M(x) at a point x along

the beam is related to the load per unit length w(x)

d 2M
 w( x)
dx 2

M ( x)  EI
E  Young' s Modulus of elasticity
I  Moment inertia of cross section of the beam
Applications
Deflection of Beams
d 2M
2
 w( x)
dx

0 L
x M ( x)  EIk
y(x) y
k
y  
1  ( y) 2
3/ 2

E  Young' s Modulus of elasticity

I  Moment inertia of cross section of the beam

y ( x) is small  y  0  1  ( y) 2  3/ 2
1
k  y  M  EIy 
d 2M d2 d4y
 EI 2 y  EI 4
dx 2 dx dx
d4y
EI 4  w( x)
dx
Applications
Deflection of Beams

 y(0) = 0 at embedded end.

0 L  y’(0) = 0 (deflection curve is
x
y(x) tangent to the x-axis at
embedded end)
y  y”(L) = 0, bending moment at
free end is zer0.
 y”’(L) = 0, shear force is zero
at a free end. EIy’’’ = dM/dx is
the shear force.
Applications
Determining deflection of a Beam
using Laplace Transform

w0

Wall x
L

y
A beam of length L is embedded at both ends. In this case the deflection
y(x) must satisfy: 4
d M
EI  w( x)
dx 4
y (0)  0, y ( L)  0, y (0)  0, y( L)  0
w( x)  w0 0 xL
Applications
Determining deflection of a Beam
using Laplace Transform

 
EI s 4Y ( s)  s 3 y (0)  s 2 y ' (0)  sy(0)  y(0) 
w0
s
w0
s 4Y ( s)  sy(0)  y(0) 
EIs
c1 c2 w0
c1  y(0) c2  y(0)  Y  s    
s 3 s 4 EIs 5
c  2!  c  3!  w  4! 
y  x   1 L -1  3   2 L -1  4   0 L -1  5 
2!  s  3!  s  4! EI s 
c c w
y ( x)  1 x 2  2 x 3  0 x 4
2 6 24 EI
Applications
Determining deflection of a Beam
using Laplace Transform

y ( L)  0 y( L)  0
c c w
 1 L2  2 L3  0 L4  0
2 6 24 EI
c w
c1 L  2 L2  0 L3  0
2 6 EI
c1  w0 L / 12 EI
c2   w0 L / 2 EI
w0 L2 2 w0 L 3 w w
x  0 x4  0 x2  x  L
2
 y ( x)  x 
24 EI 12 EI 24 EI 24 EI