Critically appraise theoretical approaches to international development

MODERNIZATION APPROACH
 Modernization theory reflects the evolution of progress, from crop production, rural and
industrialized to post industrial to urban to modern societies, as an ultimate path of growth
for all cultures (Bradshaw 1987; Escobar 1995; Chirot and Hall 1982; Shrum 2000).

 The concept of modernisation highlights inner factors and social growth factors such as
formal training, mixed economy and liberal and secular political systems.

 Whereas the concept of modernization doesn't exclude external influences, social reform
factors and economic growth, it relies less on international factors (Jenkins and Scanlan
2001; Shrum 2000).

International Tourism policy and Development

Mriganga Barman
 DEPENDENCY APPROACH
A study by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
established the basis of the concept of dependency in the 1950s.

In the neo-Marxist viewpoint, the concept of dependency integrates with Keynes '
theory of economics the progressive economic concepts that evolved as a consequence of
the stagnation years of the 1920's in America and Europe.

The concept of dependency incorporates several key points in the approach to

economics of the Keynes:
a) To generate a significant domestic demand that is effective internally.
b) Recognizing that the manufacturing sector is vital to accomplish greater stages of
economic growth, specifically as this sector may add greater value to goods compared
with the agriculture industry.
c) Improved staff wages to produce more consumer supply under domestic
market situations.
d) To encourage the most integral role for the administration to strengthen prospects of
domestic growth and raise domestic living standards.

International Tourism policy and Development

Mriganga Barman
 NEO-LIBERALIZATION APPROACH
Neo-liberalism evolved to substitute Keynesianism by a number of economic
measures which became common after the fuel crisis of 1973 as nations of the OPEC
price hike of oil.
 The spike in fuel prices also resulted in an excess of reserves invested by OPEC
members in investment banks in developed nations.
 The funds had been lent to poor nations, that suffered from an increase in crude oil
prices.
 Eventually, the increase in interest rate caused the inability to pay the debt or interest
of the lending countries. It led to the so-called "financial crisis" in the late nineties in
Latin America (Harris 2000).

This recession compelled these nations to remortgage their foreign debt, reduce
government spending and rebuild their economy in the forms advised by the IMF, the
World Bank and the Global development Bank in order to avoid the sudden fall of their
stressed economies. This has led to the implementation of the Structural Adjustment
Program (SAPs) universality.

International Tourism policy and Development

Mriganga Barman
 POST-DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
The concept of post-development may be called an opposite to traditional
liberal and progressive development plans, contributing to several conflicts.
Escobar (1995, 2012) believes that for two-thirds of the population the illusion
of material prosperity and economic progress has slowly become a clown. This is
at the root of his research, which he explains as a "the past of lost perception,"
Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the Third World, in
which he explores the social context which produced post-developmentalism.

The development model created the opposite: severe instability, poverty and
unexpected economic exploitation. The debt crisis, drought, increased poverty,
under nutrition and conflict are just some of the worst indicators of a 40-year
growth collapse. (Escobar, 1995, 2012: xiv)

International Tourism policy and Development

Mriganga Barman
 REFERENCES

Ref- Slide -1
Marcus A Ynalvez, Wesley M. Shrum. (2015). Modernization Theory. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/economics-econometrics-and-finance/modernization-theory

Slide-2
Giovanni E. Reyes. (2001). Four Main Theories of Development: Modernization, Dependency, World-
Systems, and Globalization. Retrieved from
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Four-Main-Theories-of-Development%3A-Modernization%2C-
Reyes/e36b27f7b884e8b5a94d15c1382b99c8416af2ff

Slide-3
MOHAMMAD HARIS WAHIDI. (2012, November). The Neo-Liberal Approach to Development.
Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/5115571/The_Neo-Liberal_Approach_to_Development

Slide-4
Eris D. Schoburgh. (2016). Post-development Theory and the Local Developmental State. Retrieved
from
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137558367_2

International Tourism policy and Development

Mriganga Barman
THANK YOU
International Tourism policy and Development
Mriganga Barman