CHAPTER – 2

1.Large volume pores of concrete

2.Ready mix concrete
3.Self-compacting concrete
 Ready Mix Concrete
Definition
“Ready mix concrete is concrete whose
components are proportioned away from the
construction site for delivery to the construction
site by the truck in a ready-to-use-condition.
 Ready Mix Concrete
A concrete which is specially manufactured for
the delivery to the costumer construction site in a
freshly mixed, plastic and unhardened state.
Ready mix concrete batching plant
Ready mix concrete batching plant
Ready mix concrete batching plant
 The main ingredients of RMC
1. Cement
2. Sand
3. Coarse aggregate
4. water
 Special ingredients
1. Admixtures
2. Accelerators
3. Retarders
4. Superplastisizers
5. Air entraining agents
 Need for Ready Mix concrete
1. Requirement for higher grades of concrete
2. Correct accountability ingredients
3. Rapid development of infrastructure industry
Increased demand of concrete
4. Possibility of manufacture of desired grades
5. Mega project demands higher output
6. Timely supply of reliable concrete
 Concept of Ready-mix Concrete
1. Ready-mix concrete has cement, aggregates,
water and other ingredients, which are weigh
batched at a centrally located plant.
2. This is then delivered to the construction site
in transit mixers and can be used straight
away without any further treatment.
 Concept of Ready-mix Concrete
3. Ready Mixed Concrete is manufactured under
computer-controlled operations and transported
and placed at site using sophisticated equipment
and methods
 Requirements of ready-mix concrete
1. For ready mix concrete supply the purchaser
should specify the Following
a) Designated max. size of coarse aggregate
b) Desired / max. slump at the point of delivery
c) Air content (for air entrained concrete)
 Requirements of ready-mix concrete

d) Mix design requirement – such as cement

content, max. water content & admixtures or
minimum compressive strength at 28 days e)
Unit weight required (for structural lightweight
concrete.
 Applications
 In todays generation of construction field ready-mixed
concrete is frequently used to construct
1. highways bridges
2. dams
3. buildings
4. Airports
5. sewer systems
6. tunnels
7. home foundations
8. driveways
9. sidewalks.
Manufacturing process in RMC
 Flow Chart of Manufacturing Process
1. Inert raw material namely fine aggregate and
coarse aggregate are stored in bins, where as
cement is stored in hopper.
2. Water and admixtures are stored in tanks.
3. The inert raw materials are fed to the batching
plant mixer by means of an aggregate belt
conveyor.
 Flow Chart of Manufacturing Process
4. The required quantity cement is extracted by screw
conveyor and fed into the mixer.
5. Water and admixture are pumped into the mixer bye
weight.
6. After the mixing is completed, the ready mixed
concrete is discharges into the transit mixer which can
then transport the concrete to the construction site.
7. All these above operation are controlled by a
computer housed in the control room of the batching
plant
 Scope of Ready Mixed Concrete 
1. In construction most of the contractors and
builders have to collect the raw materials required
for the construction before starting actual works.
2. These materials should be stored at the site
properly.
3. This technique can be possible when there will be
more empty space at the construction site which
is not possible in congested areas.
4. At this time there is one solution to overcome all
these problems that is nothing “READYMIX
CONCRETE”. 
 Uses of RMC
1. By using R.M.C we can save time and money
required for the labours.
2. Major concerting projects like dams, roads,
bridges, tunnels, canals etc.
3. For concreting in congested areas where
storage of materials is not possible.
 Uses of RMC
4. Sites where intensity of traffic makes
problems.
5. When supervisor and labour staff is less.
6. To reduce the time required for construction
etc.
7. Huge industrial and residential projects.
 Merits of Ready-Mix Concrete
1. A centralized concrete batching plant can serve a
wide area.
2. Site Mix trucks can serve a larger area including
remote locations that standard trucks cannot.
3. Better quality concrete is produced.
4. Site Mix can produce higher compression
strength with less water than standard batching
methods.
 Merits of Ready-Mix Concrete
5. Wastage of basic materials is avoided with a
Site Mix truck, there is less waste and wash
out.
6. This is better for the environment.
7. It takes more people to operate a standard
batch plant than a Mobile Mix truck.
8. Time required is greatly reduced.
 Demerits of Ready-Mix Concrete
1. The materials are batched at a central plant, and
the mixing begins at that plant, so the travelling
time from the plant to the site is critical over
longer distances.
2. Some sites are just too far away, though this is
usually a commercial rather than technical issue.
3. Concretes limited time span between mixing and
going-off means that ready-mix should be placed
within 10 minutes of batching at the plant.
SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
 Self compacting concrete
 what is self compacting concrete
1. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) describes a
concrete with the ability to compact itself
only by means of its own weight without the
requirement of vibration.
2. Self-compacting concrete also known as Self-
consolidating concrete or self levelling
concrete.
1. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) describes a
concrete with the ability to compact itself only
by means of its own weight without the
requirement of vibration.
2. Self-compacting concrete also known as Self-
consolidating concrete or self levelling concrete.
3. Self-compacting concrete is placed or poured in
the same way as ordinary concrete but without
vibration
Self compacting concrete images
Self compacting concrete images
 Basic need of self compacting concrete
1. When large quantity of heavy reinforcement is
to be placed in a reinforced concrete (RC)
member, it is difficult to ensure that the
formwork gets completely filled with concrete,
that is, fully compacted without voids or
honeycombs.
2. Compaction by manual or by mechanical
vibrators is very difficult in this situation.
Basic need of self compacting concrete
3. The typical method of compaction, vibration,
generates delays and additional cost in the
projects which could be placed without the
need to compaction; in such circumstances
vibration had been simply impossible.
4. This problem can now be solved with self-
compacting concrete.
5. This type of concrete flows easily around the
reinforcement and into all corners of the
formwork.
Basic need of self compacting concrete

6. The surface finish produced by self-

compacting concrete is exceptionally good
and patching will not be necessary.
Materials used for self compacting concrete

1. Cement
2. Aggregate
3. Mixing water
4. Chemical admixtures
5. Mineral admixtures
Materials used for self compacting concrete

1. Cement : ordinary Portland cement is used in

self compacting concrete
2. Aggregate : The maximum size of aggregates
is generally limited to 20mm
aggregates should be of uniform quality with
respect to shape and quality
Materials used for self compacting concrete

3. Chemical admixtures : super plasticizers are

an essential components to provide necessary
workability
4. Mineral admixtures: such as fly ash, ground
granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS),silica
flumes, fibres
 super plasticizers
1. Super plasticizers, also known as high range
water reducers, these are chemical
admixtures
2. The use of super plasticizers permit the
reduction of water without reducing the
workability
Images of super plasticizers
Images of super plasticizers
Images of super plasticizers
 Mineral admixtures
1. Fly ash : it is finely divided residue resulting
from the combustion of powdered coal
2. Fly ash can significantly improve the
workability of concrete
Images of fly ash
Images of fly ash
 Ground-granulated blast-furnace
slag (GGBS or GGBFS)
1. Ground-granulated blast-furnace
slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by
quenching molten iron slag
2. The replacement of cement with GGBS will
reduce the unit weight of water to obtain the
same slump
 
 Test Methods for Self Compatibility
1. Self-compatibility or u tube test
 1. Self-compatibility or u tube test

1. This test is used to measure the filling ability

of self compacting concrete
2. The assessment of the test provides a good
direction measurement of filling ability
 Test Methods for Self Compatibility

2. Deformability: The slump flow test

 2. Deformability: The slump flow test
1. The slump flow test is done to assess the
horizontal flow of concrete.
2. This test is used to indicate the resistance to
segregation
 Test Methods for Self Compatibility

3. Viscosity: V-funnel apparatus

 3. Viscosity: V-funnel apparatus
1. This test is used to determine the flow ability
of the concrete with a maximum size of
aggregate 20mm size.
2. If the concrete shows segregation flow time
will increase significantly
 Test Methods for Self Compatibility

4. L box test method

 4. L box test method
1. This test is used for the assessment of flow of
concrete.
2. This test is also used for the extent to which the
concrete is subjected to blocking by
reinforcement
 TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE

1. Reduced noise pollution since vibrators are

not necessary
2. Higher and more homogenous concrete
quality across the entire concrete cross-
section, especially around the reinforcement
3. Improved concrete surfaces (visible concrete
quality)
4. Typically higher early strength of the
concrete so that formwork removal can be
performed more quickly.
 Applications of self compaction concrete

1. Application in under water construction

 Applications of self compaction concrete

2. Vertical Walls & Columns Congested Re-Bar

 Applications of self compaction concrete

3. Stripped SCC Wall

Applications of self compaction concrete

4. SCC Pumped into Column

Applications of self compaction concrete

5. SCC Used In Block fill

Applications of self compaction concrete
6. SCC Horizontal Application
Applications of self compaction concrete
7. R.M.C application as horizontal member
Applications of self compaction concrete

8. Precast concrete element plants