EE445S Real-Time Digital Signal Processing Lab Fall 2018

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

(QAM) Receiver

Prof. Brian L. Evans

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin

Lecture 16 http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~bevans/courses/realtime
 Outline
• Introduction
• Automatic gain control
• Carrier detection
• Channel equalization
• Symbol clock recovery
• QAM demodulation
• QAM transmitter demonstration
16 - 2
 Introduction
• Channel impairments
Linear and nonlinear distortion of transmitted signal
Additive noise (often assumed to be Gaussian)
• Mismatch in transmitter/receiver analog front ends
• Receiver subsystems to compensate for impairments
Fading Automatic gain control (AGC)
Additive noise Matched filters
Linear distortion Channel equalizer
Carrier mismatch Carrier recovery
Symbol timing mismatch Symbol clock recovery
16 - 3
 Baseband QAM
Transmitter i[n]
L gT[m]
Index
Bits s[m]
Serial/
Map to 2-D Pulse shapers
s(t)
parallel cos(c m) + D/A
1 J constellation (FIR filters)
converter sin(c m)
L samples/symbol
q[n] L gT[m] fs
m sample index
n symbol index
c(t) Carrier
QAM Demodulation i [m] iˆ[n]
Receiver AGC
Detect
X LPF L

r1(t) r(t) r[m] Channel

A/D 2 cos(c m)
Equalizer

q[m] qˆ[n]
Downconverted Symbol
signal r1(t) Clock X LPF L
Recovery
Carrier recovery
16 - 4
is not shown -2 sin(c m)
 Automatic Gain Control
c(t)
AGC
• Scales input voltage to A/D converter
r1(t) r(t) r[m]
Increase/decrease gain for low/high r1(t) A/D

• A/D converter with 8-bit signed output fs

When gain c(t) is zero, A/D output is 0
When gain c(t) is infinity, A/D output is -128 or 127
f-128, f0, f127 represent how frequently outputs -128, 0, 127 occur
fi = ci / N where ci is count of times i occurs in last N samples
Update #1: c(t) = (1 + 2 f0 – f-128 – f127) c(t – )
2 f0 + e 2c0 + eN
Update #2: c(t) = c(t - t ) = c(t - t)
f- 128 + f127 + e c- 128 + c127 + eN
Constant  > 0 prevents division by zero
16 - 5
 Channel Equalizer
• Mitigates linear distortion in channel
• When placed after A/D converter
Time domain: shortens channel impulse response
Frequency domain: compensates channel distortion over entire
discrete-time frequency band instead of transmission band
• Ideal channel
z- g
Cascade of delay  and gain g
Impulse response: impulse delayed by with amplitude g
Frequency response: allpass and linear phase (no distortion)
Undo effects by discarding  samples and scaling by 1/g
16 - 6
 Channel Equalizer
• IIR equalizer Discrete-Time Baseband System
Ignore noise nm nm
Channel
xm ym Equalizerrm em
Set error em to zero
h + w +
H(z) W(z) = g z- Training +
-
sequence
W(z) = g z-/ H(z) Receiver Ideal Channel
generates
Issues? z- g
xm
• FIR equalizer
Adapt equalizer coefficients when transmitter sends training
sequence to reduce measure of error, e.g. square of em
16 - 7
 Adaptive FIR Channel Equalizer
• Simplest case: w[m] = [m] + w1 [m-1]
Two real-valued coefficients w/ first coefficient fixed at one
• Derive update equation for w1 during training
nm
xm Channel ym Equalizerrm em e[m]  r[m]  s[m]
h + w + s[m]  g x[m   ]
Training +-
sequence r[m]  y[m]  w1 y[m  1]
Receiver Ideal Channel 1 2
generates
sm J LMS
[m] = e [m]
g 2
x z-
m ¶J LMS [m]
w1[m +1] =w1[m]- m
Using least mean squares (LMS) ¶w1 w =w [m]
1 1

Step size 0 <  < 1 w1[m +1] =w1[m]- m e[m] y[m - 1]

 Carrier Detection
• Detect energy of received signal (always running)
p[m]  c p[m  1]  (1  c) r 2 [m]
c is a constant where 0 < c < 1 and r[m] is received signal
Let x[m] = r2[m]. What is the transfer function?
What values of c to use?
• If receiver is not currently receiving a signal
If energy detector output is larger than a large threshold,
assume receiving transmission
• If receiver is currently receiving signal, then it
detects when transmission has stopped
If energy detector output is smaller than a smaller threshold,
assume transmission has stopped
16 - 9
 Symbol Clock Recovery
• Two single-pole bandpass filters in parallel
One tuned to upper Nyquist frequency u = c + 0.5 sym
Other tuned to lower Nyquist frequency l = c – 0.5 sym
Bandwidth is B/2 (100 Hz for 2400 baud modem) Pole
• A recovery method locations?
Multiply upper bandpass filter output with conjugate of lower
bandpass filter output and take the imaginary value
Sample at symbol rate to estimate timing error  See Reader
v[n]  sin( sym  )   sym  when w sym t <<1 handout M
Smooth timing error estimate to compute phase advancement
p[n]   p[n  1]   v[n] Lowpass
IIR filter 16 - 10
 Baseband QAM Demodulation
• Recovers baseband in-phase/quadrature signals
• Assumes perfect AGC, equalizer, symbol recovery
• QAM modulation followed by lowpass filtering
i [m]
Receiver fmax = 2 fc + B and fs > 2 fmax
X LPF

• Lowpass filter has other roles x[m]

2 cos(c m)
Matched filter
q[m]
Anti-aliasing filter
X LPF
• Matched filters
Maximize SNR at downsampler output -2 sin(c m)

Hence minimize symbol error at downsampler output

16 - 11
 Baseband QAM Demodulation
• QAM baseband signal x[m]  i[m] cos(c m)  q[m] sin(c m)
• QAM demodulation
Modulate and lowpass filter to obtain baseband signals
iˆ[m]  2 x[m] cos(c m)  2i[m] cos 2 (c t )  2q[m] sin(c m) cos(c m)
 i[m]  i[m] cos(2c m)  q[m] sin( 2c m)
baseband high frequency component centered at 2 c
qˆ[m]  2 x[m] sin(c m)  2i[m] cos(c m) sin(c m)  2q[m] sin 2 (c m)
 q[m]  i[m] sin(2c m)  q[m] cos(2c m)
baseband high frequency component centered at 2 c
1 1
cos 2   (1  cos 2 ) 2 cos sin   sin 2 sin 2   (1  cos 2 )
2 2
16 - 12
 Single Carrier Transceiver Design
• Design/implement transceiver
Design different algorithms for each subsystem
Translate algorithms into real-time software
Test implementations using signal generators & oscilloscopes
Laboratory Transceiver Subsystems
1 introduction block diagram of transmitter
2 sinusoidal generation sinusoidal mod/demodulation
3(a) finite impulse response filter pulse shaping, 90o phase shift
3(b) infinite impulse response filtertransmit and receive filters,
carrier detection, clock recovery
4 pseudo-noise generation training sequences
5 pulse amplitude mod/demodulation training during modem startup
6 quadrature amplitude mod (QAM) data transmission
7 digital audio effects not applicable
 QAM Transmitter Demo
Lab 4
http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~bevans/courses/realtime/demonstration
Rate
Control
Reference design in LabVIEW
Lab 6
QAM Lab 2
Encoder Bandpass
Signal
Lab 3
Tx Filters

0-14
LabVIEW demo by Zukang Shen (UT Austin)
 QAM Transmitter Demo
LabVIEW
control QAM
panel baseband
signal
Eye
diagram

LabVIEW demo by Zukang Shen (UT Austin)

0-15
 Got Anything Faster?
• Multicarrier modulation divides broadband
(wideband) channel into narrowband subchannels
Uses Fourier series computed by fast Fourier transform (FFT)
Standardized for ADSL (1995) & VDSL (2003) wired modems
Standardized for IEEE 802.11a/g wireless LAN
Standardized for IEEE 802.16d/e (Wimax) and cellular (3G/4G)
channel
magnitude

carrier

subchannel

frequency

Each ADSL/VDSL subchannel is 4.3 kHz wide (about 16 - 16

width of voiceband channel) and carries a QAM signal